. 2025 Jun 14;410(1):194. doi: 10.1007/s00423-025-03731-7

Table 2.

Overview of all outpoints

	6 months vs baseline	pooled intervention p- vs control *value*	strength vs control	endurance vs control	strength vs endurance
Anthropometric Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m²) Excess weight loss (%) Waist-to-hip ratio Fat mass (kg) Fat free mass (kg)	− 26.0 (− 27.9 to − 24.2) − 9.0 (− 9.6 to − 8.4) 40.4 (37.4 to 43.3) − 0.02 (− 0.19 to 0.16) − 21.9 (− 23.9 to − 19.8) − 4.2 (− 5.6 to − 2.9)	− 2.5 (− 4.7 to − 0.4) *0.023* − 0.82 (− 1.55 to − 0.10) *0.029* 3.47 (0.22 to 6.73) *0.040* 0.05 (− 0.06 to 0.17) 0.38 − 3.0 (− 5.0 to − 1.0) *0.0037* 0.2 (− 1.4 to 1.8) 0.79	− 2.3 (− 5.5 to 0.8) − 0.76 (− 1.83 to 0.31) 3.66 (− 1.13 to 8.46) 0.09 (− 0.08 to 0.26) − 2.8 (− 5.7 to 0.1) 0.2 (− 2.1 to 2.6)	− 2.7 (− 5.9 to 0.4) − 0.89 (− 1.95 to 0.18) 3.29 (− 1.50 to 8.08) 0.02 (− 0.15 to 0.18) − 3.2 (− 6.1 to − 0.3) 0.2 (− 2.2 to 2.6)	0.4 (− 2.8 to 3.6) 0.13 (− 0.96 to 1.21) 0.37 (− 4.54 to 5.28) 0.07 (− 0.10 to 0.24) 0.4 (− 2.5 to 3.4) 0.1 (− 2.4 to 2.5)
Laboratory Fasting glucose (mmol/L) Fasting insulin* 2 h-oGTT (mmol/L) HOMA-IR* HbA1c (%) Cholesterol (mmol/L) HDL (mmol/L) LDL (mmol/L) TGL (mmol/L) C-reactive protein* Leucocytes (109/L) Interleukin 6*	− 0.51 (− 0.78 to − 0.24) 0.55 (0.47 to 0.65) −3.69 (−4.14 to −3.23) 0.49 (0.41 to 0.60) − 0.18 (− 0.31 to − 0.05) 0.00 (− 0.18 to 0.18) 0.34 (0.29 to 0.40) − 0.03 (− 0.18 to 0.11) − 0.53 (− 0.65 to − 0.42) 0.45 (0.33 to 0.60) 0.28 (− 0.30 to 0.87) 0.81 (0.67 to 0.99)	− 0.04 (− 0.29 to 0.21) 0.74 0.99 (0.83 to 1.17) 0.89 − 0.29 (− 1.22 to 0.63) 0.54 1.03 (0.85 to 1.23) 0.78 − 0.05 (− 0.20 to 0.11) 0.56 − 0.19 (− 0.40 to 0.02) 0.074 0.03 (− 0.04 to 0.10) 0.36 − 0.17 (− 0.36 to 0.02) 0.075 − 0.10 (− 0.21 to 0.01) 0.071 0.75 (0.56 to 1.00) 0.053 − 0.19 (− 0.62 to 0.23) 0.37 0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) 0.51	− 0.05 (− 0.42 to 0.31) 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) − 0.16 (− 1.24 to 0.91) 1.08 (0.83 to 1.41) − 0.01 (− 0.24 to 0.21) − 0.24 (− 0.54 to 0.06) 0.04 (− 0.06 to 0.14) − 0.22 (− 0.50 to 0.05) − 0.13 (− 0.29 to 0.03) 0.77 (0.51 to 1.17) 0.20 (− 0.39 to 0.79) 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42)	− 0.03 (− 0.40 to 0.33) 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) − 0.42 (−1.51 to 0.66) 0.98 (0.75 to 1.28) − 0.07 (− 0.29 to 0.14) − 0.14 (− 0.44 to 0.16) 0.03 (− 0.08 to 0.13) − 0.12 (− 0.40 to 0.15) − 0.08 (− 0.24 to 0.08) 0.73 (0.48 to 1.11) − 0.57 (− 1.15 to 0.02) 0.87 (0.61 to 1.24)	− 0.02 (− 0.39 to 0.35) 1.10 (0.86 to 1.41) 1.11 (0.85 to 1.45) 0.06 (− 0.16 to 0.28) − 0.10 (− 0.40 to 0.21) 01.2 (− 0.09 to 0.12) − 0.10 (− 0.38 to 0.18) − 0.05 (− 0.21 to 0.11) 1.05 (0.69 to 1.59) 0.76 (0.17 to 1.36) 1.13 (0.79 to 1.62)
Life quality IPAQ Energy expenditure (kcal/wk) SF-36 Physical functions Role physical Body pain General health Vitality Social functioning Role emotional Mental health	2710 (993 to 4428) 22.7 (18.0 to 27.5) 44.1 (31.4 to 56.7) 21.6 (14.7 to 28.6) 9.2 (4.3 to 14.1) 14.7 (9.5 to 19.9) 11.0 (4.0 to 18.1) 14.3 (3.3 to 25.3) 5.1 (0.1 to 10.2)	911 (− 196 to 2019) 0.11 0.10 (− 3.15 to 3.36) 0.95 0.64 (− 6.58 to 7.87) 0.86 0.51 (− 3.98 to 5.01) 0.82 − 0.07 (− 3.33 to 3.19) 0.97 1.84 (− 1.48 to 5.17) 0.28 2.37 (− 2.20 to 6.94) 0.31 5.49 (− 1.65 to 12.63) 0.14 − 0.82 (− 4.30 to 2.66) 0.65	654 (− 999 to 2307) 0.04 (− 4.78 to 4.87) − 0.28 (− 11.01 to 10.46) 0.80 (− 5.92 to 7.51) 0.25 (− 4.62 to 5.12) 2.11 (− 2.88 to 7.10) 1.46 (− 5.36 to 8.29) 4.04 (− 6.62 to 14.70) − 2.38 (− 7.51 to 2.76)	1142 (− 462 to 2747) 0.16 (− 4.64 to 4.96) 1.54 (− 9.11 to 12.19) 0.24 (− 6.38 to 6.87) − 0.37 (− 5.18 to 4.44) 1.59 (− 3.33 to 6.50) 3.24 (− 3.52 to 9.99) 6.90 (− 3.67 to 17.47) 0.68 (− 4.41 to 5.77)	− 488 (− 2156 to 1179) − 0.12 (− 5.11 to 4.87) − 1.81 (− 12.96 to 9.34) 0.55 (− 6.41 to 7.51) 0.62 (− 4.44 to 5.68) 0.53 (− 4.68 to 5.74) − 1.78 (− 8.94 to 5.39) − 2.86 (− 14.05 to 8.33) − 3.06 (− 8.42 to 2.30)

6 months vs baseline

pooled intervention p-
vs control value

strength vs control

endurance vs control

strength vs endurance

Anthropometric

Weight (kg)

BMI (kg/m²)

Excess weight loss (%)

Waist-to-hip ratio

Fat mass (kg)

Fat free mass (kg)

− 26.0 (− 27.9 to − 24.2)

− 9.0 (− 9.6 to − 8.4)

40.4 (37.4 to 43.3)

− 0.02 (− 0.19 to 0.16)

− 21.9 (− 23.9 to − 19.8)

− 4.2 (− 5.6 to − 2.9)

− 2.5 (− 4.7 to − 0.4) 0.023

− 0.82 (− 1.55 to − 0.10) 0.029

3.47 (0.22 to 6.73) 0.040

0.05 (− 0.06 to 0.17) 0.38

− 3.0 (− 5.0 to − 1.0) 0.0037

0.2 (− 1.4 to 1.8) 0.79

− 2.3 (− 5.5 to 0.8)

− 0.76 (− 1.83 to 0.31)

3.66 (− 1.13 to 8.46)

0.09 (− 0.08 to 0.26)

− 2.8 (− 5.7 to 0.1)

0.2 (− 2.1 to 2.6)

− 2.7 (− 5.9 to 0.4)

− 0.89 (− 1.95 to 0.18)

3.29 (− 1.50 to 8.08)

0.02 (− 0.15 to 0.18)

− 3.2 (− 6.1 to − 0.3)

0.2 (− 2.2 to 2.6)

0.4 (− 2.8 to 3.6)

0.13 (− 0.96 to 1.21)

0.37 (− 4.54 to 5.28)

0.07 (− 0.10 to 0.24)

0.4 (− 2.5 to 3.4)

0.1 (− 2.4 to 2.5)

Laboratory

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

Fasting insulin*

2 h-oGTT (mmol/L)

HOMA-IR*

HbA1c (%)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

HDL (mmol/L)

LDL (mmol/L)

TGL (mmol/L)

C-reactive protein*

Leucocytes (109/L)

Interleukin 6*

− 0.51 (− 0.78 to − 0.24)

0.55 (0.47 to 0.65)

−3.69 (−4.14 to −3.23)

0.49 (0.41 to 0.60)

− 0.18 (− 0.31 to − 0.05)

0.00 (− 0.18 to 0.18)

0.34 (0.29 to 0.40)

− 0.03 (− 0.18 to 0.11)

− 0.53 (− 0.65 to − 0.42)

0.45 (0.33 to 0.60)

0.28 (− 0.30 to 0.87)

0.81 (0.67 to 0.99)

− 0.04 (− 0.29 to 0.21) 0.74

0.99 (0.83 to 1.17) 0.89

− 0.29 (− 1.22 to 0.63) 0.54

1.03 (0.85 to 1.23) 0.78

− 0.05 (− 0.20 to 0.11) 0.56

− 0.19 (− 0.40 to 0.02) 0.074

0.03 (− 0.04 to 0.10) 0.36

− 0.17 (− 0.36 to 0.02) 0.075

− 0.10 (− 0.21 to 0.01) 0.071

0.75 (0.56 to 1.00) 0.053

− 0.19 (− 0.62 to 0.23) 0.37

0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) 0.51

− 0.05 (− 0.42 to 0.31)

1.04 (0.81 to 1.33)

− 0.16 (− 1.24 to 0.91)

1.08 (0.83 to 1.41)

− 0.01 (− 0.24 to 0.21)

− 0.24 (− 0.54 to 0.06)

0.04 (− 0.06 to 0.14)

− 0.22 (− 0.50 to 0.05)

− 0.13 (− 0.29 to 0.03)

0.77 (0.51 to 1.17)

0.20 (− 0.39 to 0.79)

0.98 (0.68 to 1.42)

− 0.03 (− 0.40 to 0.33)

0.94 (0.74 to 1.20)

− 0.42 (−1.51 to 0.66)

0.98 (0.75 to 1.28)

− 0.07 (− 0.29 to 0.14)

− 0.14 (− 0.44 to 0.16)

0.03 (− 0.08 to 0.13)

− 0.12 (− 0.40 to 0.15)

− 0.08 (− 0.24 to 0.08)

0.73 (0.48 to 1.11)

− 0.57 (− 1.15 to 0.02)

0.87 (0.61 to 1.24)

− 0.02 (− 0.39 to 0.35)

1.10 (0.86 to 1.41)

1.11 (0.85 to 1.45)

0.06 (− 0.16 to 0.28)

− 0.10 (− 0.40 to 0.21)

01.2 (− 0.09 to 0.12)

− 0.10 (− 0.38 to 0.18)

− 0.05 (− 0.21 to 0.11)

1.05 (0.69 to 1.59)

0.76 (0.17 to 1.36)

1.13 (0.79 to 1.62)

Life quality

IPAQ

Energy expenditure (kcal/wk)

SF-36

Physical functions

Role physical

Body pain

General health

Vitality

Social functioning

Role emotional

Mental health

2710 (993 to 4428)

22.7 (18.0 to 27.5)

44.1 (31.4 to 56.7)

21.6 (14.7 to 28.6)

9.2 (4.3 to 14.1)

14.7 (9.5 to 19.9)

11.0 (4.0 to 18.1)

14.3 (3.3 to 25.3)

5.1 (0.1 to 10.2)

911 (− 196 to 2019) 0.11

0.10 (− 3.15 to 3.36) 0.95

0.64 (− 6.58 to 7.87) 0.86

0.51 (− 3.98 to 5.01) 0.82

− 0.07 (− 3.33 to 3.19) 0.97

1.84 (− 1.48 to 5.17) 0.28

2.37 (− 2.20 to 6.94) 0.31

5.49 (− 1.65 to 12.63) 0.14

− 0.82 (− 4.30 to 2.66) 0.65

654 (− 999 to 2307)

0.04 (− 4.78 to 4.87)

− 0.28 (− 11.01 to 10.46)

0.80 (− 5.92 to 7.51)

0.25 (− 4.62 to 5.12)

2.11 (− 2.88 to 7.10)

1.46 (− 5.36 to 8.29)

4.04 (− 6.62 to 14.70)

− 2.38 (− 7.51 to 2.76)

1142 (− 462 to 2747)

0.16 (− 4.64 to 4.96)

1.54 (− 9.11 to 12.19)

0.24 (− 6.38 to 6.87)

− 0.37 (− 5.18 to 4.44)

1.59 (− 3.33 to 6.50)

3.24 (− 3.52 to 9.99)

6.90 (− 3.67 to 17.47)

0.68 (− 4.41 to 5.77)

− 488 (− 2156 to 1179)

− 0.12 (− 5.11 to 4.87)

− 1.81 (− 12.96 to 9.34)

0.55 (− 6.41 to 7.51)

0.62 (− 4.44 to 5.68)

0.53 (− 4.68 to 5.74)

− 1.78 (− 8.94 to 5.39)

− 2.86 (− 14.05 to 8.33)

− 3.06 (− 8.42 to 2.30)

^*Entries are n-fold changes with respect to the reference (variables treated on a logarithmic scale). All values are estimates (95% confidence interval). 2 h-oGTT = 2 h-oral Glucose Tolerance Test;IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire; SF-36 = Short form 36