Table 3.

Risk of bias assessment using the ROBINS-I assessment tool for human studies.

Study	Confounding	Selection of participants	Classification of interventions	Departure from intended interventions	Missing data	Measurement of outcomes	Selection of reported outcomes	Overall bias
Gutgesell 1976	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Serious	Serious
Hoyme 2020	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Meaney 2011	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Rodríguez-Núñez 2006	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Rodríguez-Núñez 2014	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Tibballs 2006	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Tibballs 2011	Serious	Serious	Low	Moderate	No Information	Low	Serious	Serious