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. 2025 Mar 18;139(4):1983–1996. doi: 10.1007/s00414-025-03470-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 1 — a Population density of Cape Town suburbs with the research sites indicated on the original map from the 2011 census at the “small area” level, 2015 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Town_2011_population_density_map.svg). Note: the 2022 census indicates considerably population growth, though this graphic has not been updated by authorities as the census data have not been ratified at the time of writing; b Murder rate by suburb with research locations indicated on the original map Crime statistics South Africa, where the number of murders in each police precinct are heat-mapped according to their percentage contribution to overall murder statistics in South Africa (e.g., an 80–100% classification means that the police precinct in question is a top 20% contributor to murder numbers nationally) (http://www.crimestatssa.com); c MRC research site located in the suburb of Delft indicated on the map using Google Earth; d UCT research site located in the suburb of Rosebank indicated on the map using Google Earth [28]