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. 2025 Mar 18;139(4):1983–1996. doi: 10.1007/s00414-025-03470-w

Table 2.

Average weather variables recorded during all four cycles for 24 h, daytime, and night-time, along with habitat differences

Season Period Variable Measure MRC UCT Difference t-statistic p-value
Summer 24 h Temperature (oC) Max 42.3 38.4 3.9 −2.271 0.013
Mean 23.0 22.6 0.4 −0.842 0.201
Min 8.2 13.5 5.3 4.266  < 0.001
Rainfall (mm) Sum 13.2 13.7 0.5 −0.031 0.488
Humidity (%) Mean 70.9 71.1 0.2 0.133 0.447
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 2.4 1.0 1.4 −5.378  < 0.001
Daytime Temperature (oC) Max 42.3 38.4 3.9 −2.271 0.013
Mean 25.9 24.9 1.0 −1.495 0.069
Min 8.2 13.5 5.3 3.643  < 0.001
Rainfall (mm) Sum 9.1 12.7 3.5 0.313 0.377
Humidity (%) Mean 63.0 64.6 1.6 0.693 0.245
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 3.0 1.2 1.8 −5.78  < 0.001
Solar Radiation (W/m2) Mean 469.3 381.3 88 −3.664  < 0.001
Nighttime Temperature (oC) Max 28.7 27 1.7 −0.506 0.307
Mean 18.5 19.3 0.8 1.625 0.054
Min 8.2 13.7 5.5 3.559  < 0.001
Rainfall (mm) Sum 4.0 0.9 3.2 −1.669 0.049
Humidity (%) Mean 83.6 80.5 3.1 −2.011 0.024
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 1.5 0.7 0.8 −3.320  < 0.001
Winter 24 h Temperature (oC) Max 29.3 33.7 4.4 1.627 0.052
Mean 12.5 14.9 2.5 7.725  < 0.001
Min 0 3.6 3.6 11.235  < 0.001
Rainfall (mm) Sum 247.8 459.2 211.5 0.894 0.186
Humidity (%) Mean 80.6 76.5 4.1 −3.706  < 0.001
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 2.3 3.4 1.0 1.5 0.067
Daytime Temperature (oC) Max 29.3 33.7 4.4 1.567 0.059
Mean 15.1 16.5 1.4 4.183  < 0.001
Min 0.4 3.6 3.2 9.863  < 0.001
Rainfall (mm) Sum 126.5 244.8 118.4 0.731 0.233
Humidity (%) Mean 73.3 72.1 1.2 −1.169 0.122
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 2.9 3.7 0.8 1.158 0.124
Solar Radiation (W/m2) Mean 304.2 252.3 51.9 −4.434  < 0.001
Nighttime Temperature (oC) Max 19.7 24.6 4.5 5.822  < 0.001
Mean 10.0 14.4 4.4 10.66  < 0.001
Min 0.0 4.4 4.4 11.127  < 0.001
Rainfall Sum 121.3 214.5 93.2 0.664 0.254
Humidity (%) Mean 87.6 81.6 6.0 −5.930  < 0.001
Windspeed (km/h) Mean 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.797 0.037

°C  degrees Celsius, mm  millimetres, %  percentage, W/m2  Watts per square meter, km/h  kilometres per hour; t- statistic from Welch two-sample t-test; significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) are denoted by bold type [28]