Table 3.

Individual association between pets, mammalian wildlife, and contact/activities with any animals or their products, and leptospirosis in Aotearoa New Zealand, adjusted for sex and rurality in logistic regression analysis (p-value ≤ 0.2)

Variable	Level	Case n (%)	Control n (%)	Partially adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)	p-value
Had direct contact with pets
Dogs	Yes	69 (72.6)	232 (77.3)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	0.05
	No	26 (27.4)	68 (22.7)	Ref
Cats	Yes	50 (52.6)	183 (61)	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	0.08
	No	45 (47.4)	117 (39)	Ref
Cleaned up after pets
Dogs	Yes	21 (22.1)	95 (31.7)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	0.06
	No	74 (77.9)	205 (68.3)	Ref
Any pet contact or activity	Yes	78 (82.1)	270 (90.0)	0.3 (0.2–0.7)	0.004
	No	17 (17.9)	30 (10)	Ref
Had direct contact with wildlife
Rabbits	Yes	13 (13.7)	22 (7.3)	1.9 (0.9–4.1)	0.09
	No	82 (86.3)	278 (92.7)	Ref
Goats	Yes	5 (5.3)	6 (2.0)	2.9 (0.8–10.2)	0.09
	No	90 (94.7)	294 (98.0)	Ref
Contact with any wildlife	Yes	40 (42.1)	97 (32.3)	1.5 (0.9–2.4)	0.2
	No	55 (57.9)	203 (67.7)	Ref
Saw evidence of wildlife
Hedgehogs	Yes	4 (4.2)	22 (7.3)	0.5 (0.1–1.4)	0.2
	No	91 (95.7)	278 (92.7)	Ref
Rats	Yes	32 (33.7)	45 (15.0)	2.6 (1.5–4.6)	<0.001
	No	63 (66.3)	255 (85.0)	Ref
Mice	Yes	22 (23.2)	40 (13.3)	1.7 (0.9–3.1)	0.08
	No	73 (76.8)	260 (86.7)	Ref
Rodents (rats + mice)	Yes	36 (37.9)	62 (20.7)	2.1 (1.2–3.5)	0.007
	No	59 (62.1)	238 (79.3)	Ref
Contact/activities with any animals or their products
Hunting	Yes	19 (20.0)	37 (12.3)	1.6 (0.8–3.1)	0.2
	No	76 (80.0)	263 (87.7)	Ref
Contact with dead animals (not slaughtered on purpose)	Yes	22 (23.2)	47 (15.7)	1.5 (0.8–2.7)	0.2
	No	73 (76.8)	253 (84.3)	Ref
Abortion/stillbirths	Yes	15 (15.8)	9 (3.0)	5.8 (2.4–14.6)	<0.001
	No	80 (84.2)	291 (97.0)	Ref
Drank raw milk	Yes	17 (17.9)	21 (7.0)	2.6 (1.3–5.2)	0.009
	No	78 (82.1)	279 (93.0)	Ref