Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Variables | Total | Men | Women | P value ¶ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or median | sd or IQR | Mean or median | sd or IQR | Mean or median | sd or IQR | ||
| n, % | 855 | 100 | 391 | 45·7 | 464 | 54·3 | |
| Age, years | 47·4 | 13·7 | 48·1 | 14·3 | 46·8 | 13·3 | 0·17 |
| Age group, years | 0·02 | ||||||
| 18–44 | 352 | 41·2 | 154 | 39·4 | 198 | 42·7 | |
| 45–59 | 343 | 40·1 | 148 | 37·9 | 195 | 42·0 | |
| 60 or older | 160 | 18·7 | 89 | 22·8 | 71 | 15·3 | |
| Education, n, % | 0·01 | ||||||
| No schooling | 637 | 74·5 | 273 | 69·8 | 364 | 78·4 | |
| <Primary school | 66 | 7·7 | 39 | 10·0 | 27 | 5·8 | |
| ≥Primary school | 152 | 17·8 | 79 | 20·2 | 73 | 15·7 | |
| Smoking, n, % * | <0·001 | ||||||
| Never | 708 | 82·8 | 282 | 72·1 | 426 | 91·8 | |
| Former smokers | 24 | 2·8 | 15 | 3·8 | 9 | 1·9 | |
| Current occasional smokers | 19 | 2·2 | 10 | 2·6 | 9 | 1·9 | |
| Current frequent smokers | 104 | 12·2 | 84 | 21·5 | 20 | 4·3 | |
| Alcohol consumption, n, % † | <0·001 | ||||||
| Never | 752 | 88·0 | 323 | 82·6 | 429 | 92·5 | |
| Former alcohol drinkers | 24 | 2·8 | 19 | 4·9 | 5 | 1·1 | |
| Current occasional alcohol drinkers | 69 | 8·1 | 43 | 11·0 | 26 | 5·6 | |
| Current frequent alcohol drinkers | 10 | 1·2 | 6 | 1·5 | 4 | 0·9 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27·0 | 5·1 | 26·7 | 4·7 | 27·4 | 5·4 | 0·04 |
| Body mass status, n, % | 0·44 | ||||||
| BMI < 24 kg/m2, n, % ‡ | 258 | 30·2 | 124 | 31·7 | 121 | 28·9 | |
| BMI: 24–27·9 kg/m2 | 245 | 28·7 | 115 | 29·4 | 130 | 28·0 | |
| BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 | 352 | 41·2 | 152 | 38·9 | 200 | 43·1 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 92·3 | 13·0 | 94·2 | 13·2 | 90·6 | 12·6 | <0·001 |
| Central obesity, n, % § | 612 | 71·9 | 248 | 63·6 | 364 | 79·0 | <0·001 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n, % || | 339 | 41·5 | 160 | 42·7 | 179 | 40·5 | 0·53 |
Data are presented as mean ± sd or median (IQR) for continuous measures, and frequency (percentage) for categorical measures.
Current occasional smokers were participants smoking less than five cigarettes/day; current frequent smokers were participants smoking more than five cigarettes/day.
Current occasional alcohol drinkers were participants with alcohol consumption less than 40 g/week; current frequent alcohol drinkers were participants with alcohol consumption more than 40 g/week.
Underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2), n 21 (2·5 %); normal weight (BMI: 18·5–23·9 kg/m2), n 237 (27·7 %).
Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for men or ≥80 cm for women.
Metabolic syndrome was defined if ≥3 criteria were fulfilled: (1) central obesity; (2) fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5·6 mmol/l or on medication for high blood glucose; (3) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication; (4) HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) <1·03 mmol/l for men and <1·30 mmol/l for women or on medication for reduced HDL-C; (5) TAG ≥ 1·7 mmol/l or on medication for elevated TAG.
According to χ 2 test and independent t-test.