Table 3.
Effects of salinity on immune responses across various aquatic species.
| Species | Best salinity | Effects on the immune system/Findings related to salinity and immunity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scatophagus argus | 25 ppt | Elevated immune responses were observed, characterized by increased expression of cytokine genes, enhanced leukocyte proliferation, and more robust immune parameters during infection. | Lu et al. [199] |
| Syngnathus typhle | Ambient salinity | Enhances immune health through increased activity and proliferation of immune cells. | Birrer et al. [196] |
| Mytilus edulis | 15 ppt | Reduced salinity immune responses are significantly suppressed, leading to a reduction in both functional and molecular immune characteristics. | Wu et al. [210] |
| Nibea albiflora | 6-30 ppt | High salinity (42 ppt) induces stress, adversely affecting immune enzyme activity, growth, and gut health. | Tian et al. [211] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 16 ppt | At higher ppt levels, the immune systems of the fish experienced stress, resulting in an increased susceptibility to illness. | El-Leithy et al. [212] |
| Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | 10 ppt | Salinity affects immune ability and may decrease the resilience of catfish to infections, including Edwardsiella ictalurid. | Schmitz et al. [213] |
| Alosa sapidissima | 14-21 ppt | 14 to 21 ppt enhanced immune respond, better growth, improved enzyme activity and optimal fatty acid composition. | Liu et al. [214] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 0-10 ppt | Higher ppt inhibited immune relayed genes of IgM, IL-1β, and IFN-γ | Wang et al. [215] |
| Takifugu fasciatus | 10 ppt | Low salinity supporting the immune system and reducing the physiological stress of fish | Wen et al. [216] |
| Acanthopagrus latus and Lates calcarifer | 6-12 ppt | Rising salinity influenced the humoral immune responses of fish. | Mozanzadeh et al. [217] |
| Procambarus clarkii | 0-2 ppt | Higher salinity effected the immune system of fish | Xiao et al. [218] |
| Portunus trituberculatus | 31 ppt | Lower salinity induced temporary immune supression | Wang et al. [219] |
| Anguilla japonica | <0.5 ppt | Freshwater condition improve immune-related gene expression | Gu et al. [220] |
| Cyprinus carpio | 0-10 ppt | High salinity effects the immune and physiological stress of fish | Dawood et al. [221] |
| Scophthalmus maximus | 24-30 ppt | High salinity effect the immune system, particularly IgM expression in the kidney. | Huang et al. [222] |
| Anoplopoma fimbria | 31.5-35 ppt | Higher salinity improves immune system of fish | Kim et al. [171] |
| Echinometra lucunter | 35 ppt | Reduced salinity may trigger oxidative stress, while elevated salinity can result in mitochondrial dysfunction. | Honorato et al. [223] |
| Eriocheir sinensis | 8 ppt | High salinity effect immune system of the crab | Yang et al. [224] |
| Gadus morhua | 10 ppt | The density did not affect the immune system of fish; however, 10 ppt is the optimal value for growth. | Árnason et al. [207] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 1-5 ppt | Low salt-tolerant hybrid shrimp demonstrate enhanced immune performance and antioxidant capacity. | Ye et al. [225] |
| Notopterus chitala | 0-3 ppt | Salinity exceeding 6 ppt can result in considerable oxidative damage and immune suppression. | Moniruzzaman et al. [226] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 25-30 ppt | Salinity at 25-30 ppt increase the immune respond and disease resistance | Wang and Chen [227] |
| Penaeus monodon | 20 ppt | Salinity at 20 ppt produced optimal growth, survival, and a stable immune response. | Rahi et al. [228] |
| Acanthopagrus schlegelii | 22 ppt | At a salinity of 22 ppt, fish experience reduced physiological stress and enhanced immune function, allowing them to survive even at lower salinities of 4-5 ppt. | Li et al., [229] |
| Haliotis diversicolor supertexta | 30 ppt | Salinity at 30 ppt enhances immune system of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta | Cheng et al. [230] |
| Dicentrarchus labrax | 6-12 ppt | Results indicate that Dicentrarchus labrax acclimatized at intermediate salinities (6 and 12 ppt) exhibit superior performance during exposure to extreme cold conditions (8 °C). | Jakiul Islam et al. [231] |
| Aquarana catesbeiana | 2-4 ppt | Higher salinity can induce oxidative stress and potential immune suppression | Zheng et al. [232] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 36 ppt | Salinities under 36 ppt are recommended for L. vannamei aquaculture to enhance immune health and metabolic balance. | Long et al. [233] |
| Haliotis discus discus | 25 ppt | Keeping salinity levels below this threshold (25 ppt) may enhance immune function and overall health in disk abalone. | De Zoysa et al. [234] |
| Procambarus clarkii | 6 ppt | High salinity up to 18 ppt cause immune disruption and metabolic stress | Luo et al. [235] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | 2 ppt | Higher salinity (6 ppt) lead to immune suppression and decline in growth performance | Liu et al. [236] |
| Larimichthys polyactis | 22.1 ppt | The fish can adapt at low salinity, but salinity at 22.1 ppt improve immune system and physiological function | Mengjie et al. [237] |
| Scapharca subcrenata | 22 ppt | Salinity changes effect the immune system, growth performance and physiological balance of Scapharca subcrenata | Mo et al. [238] |
| Oreochromis spp. | 5-10 ppt | Moderate salinity improve immune responses and health of fish | Ulkhaq et al. [239] |
| Pseudosciaena crocea | 5-10 ppt | High salinity (15-20ppt) is not suitable for growth and immune system | Wang et al. [240] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 56 ppt | A salinity level of 56 ppt is recommended to ensure immune stability and minimize physiological stress. | Shen et al. [241] |
| Cherax quadricarinatus | 5 ppt | Salinity at 5 ppt improve the immune function, antioxidant activity and gut health | Liu et al. [242] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 0-4 ppt | Rearing fish with multispecies of probiotic is recommend at low salinity (0-4 ppt) | Zannat et al. [243] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 0-10 ppt | High salinity levels (15-20 ppt) impact the health and growth of fish when dietary supplementation with Aspergillus oryzae is administered. | Shukry et al. [244] |
| Macrobrachium rosenbergii | 13 ppt | Salinity of 13 ppt is recognized as optimal for enhancing growth, immunity, enzyme activity, and successful larval development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Wei et al. [245] |
| Sinonovacula constricta | 30 ppt | Exceeding 35 ppt has a detrimental impact on health and growth performance. | Cao et al. [246] |
| Ruditapes philippinarum | 23.3-31.1 ppt | Low salinity (15 ppt) enhances susceptibility to metabolic and oxidative disruptions. | Wu et al. [247] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | 4-8 ppt | Salinity levels of 4 to 8 ppt may partially reduce ammonia toxicity and enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms. | Motamedi-Tehrani et al. [248] |
| Eriocheir sinensis | ≤ 6 ppt | Higher salinity (≥ 12 ppt) lead to physiological stress and increase mortality rate | Zhang et al. [249] |
| Penaeus vannamei | 40-47 g/L | High salinity affected the amino acid composition in the body, which directly influences the immune system of fish. | Li et al. [250] |
| Selenotoca multifasciata | 5 ppt | High salinity increased physiological strain and greater stress response | Liu et al. [251] |
| Oryzias melastigma | 15 ppt | Improve growth and health performance | Li et al. [252] |
| Giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) | 34 ppt | Reduced salinities adversely affected growth and long-term health conditions. | Lee et al. [253] |