Table 7.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the immune responses of various aquatic species.
| Aquatic species | Type of UV radiation | Effects on the immune system and other biological responses | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UV-B | Reduced lymphocyte proliferation; compromised macrophage activity; heightened vulnerability to pathogens | Fajardo et al. [326] |
| Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) | UV-B | Reduced lymphocyte proliferation; compromised macrophage activity; heightened vulnerability to pathogens | Mello et al. [327] |
| Water flea (Daphnia magna) | UV-B | Increased oxidative stress; modified immune response resulting in increased vulnerability to pathogens; diminished reproductive success | Ivanina et al. [328] |
| Seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) | UV-A and UV-B | Modified immune responses result in decreased resistance to viral infections and may cause endocrine disruption | Song et al. [329] |
| Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) | UV-B | Ultraviolet B radiation adversely impacts immune responses, diminishing defence mechanisms in aquatic larvae | Singh et al. [330] |
| High-altitude fish species | UV-B | Inhibition of primary and secondary immune responses due to UV-B exposure | Subramani et al. [331] |
| Fish (species unspecified) | UV-A and UV-B | UV-B exposure modified immune system function in fish, resulting in immunosuppression | Salo et al. [332] |
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | UV-B | UV-B radiation, in conjunction with varying temperatures, influenced stress and innate immune responses. | Icoglu Aksakal and Ciltas [333] |
| Various fish species | UV-B | UV-B irradiation impaired non-specific and specific immune responses in fish | Sharma and Chakrabarti [334] |
| Teleost fish | UV-A and UV-B | Ultraviolet radiation negatively affected immune function and heightened disease susceptibility in fish | Lawrence et al. [335] |
| Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) | UV-B | UV-B exposure reduced innate and adaptive immune responses in sticklebacks | Vitt et al. [336] |
| Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UV-B | UV-B influenced specific and nonspecific immune responses in fish | Markkula et al. [337] |
| Marine zooplankton and ichthyoplankton | UV-A and UV-B | Ultraviolet radiation negatively affected immune function during the early developmental stages of marine organisms | Browman et al. [338] |
| Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) | UV-B | Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation influences the immune system of fish by lower splenosomatic index and higher granulocyte to lymphocyte ration | Vitt et al. [336] |
| European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | UV-B | Exposure of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to UVB radiation resulted in alterations in humoral immune parameters, indicating immune system modulation across all UVB doses (low, moderate, and high). | Alves et al. [339] |
| Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) | UV-B | UVB exposure resulted in decreased total anti-protease and total peroxidase activities, indicating a modulation of the innate immune system. | Alves et al. [340] |
| Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) | UV-B | Effect the plasma lgM levels, lysozyme activity and complement bacteriolytic activity | Jokinen et al. [341] |
| Indian major carp (Catla catla) | UV-B | UVB radiation resulted in a marked reduction of lysozyme levels in the larvae of Catla catla. | Sharma et al. [342] |
| African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | UV-A | Exposure to UV-A resulted in diminished immune responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), as indicated by: 1. A reduction in lysozyme (LYZ) activity, which serves as a marker for non-specific immune function; 2. A decrease in phagocytic activity (PhA), essential for pathogen defense. | Hamed et al. [343] |
| Rutilus roach (Rutilus rutilus) | UV-B | UVB irradiation resulted in decreased activity of neutrophils and macrophages in Rutilus rutilus | Salo et al. [344] |
| Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) | UV-B | Increased UVB radiation influenced plasma immunoglobulin levels, which are essential for the adaptive immune response. | Jokinen et al. [345] |
| Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) | UVR | Increase oxidative stress resulted effects the immune response of fish by damaging the cells and tissues. | Araújo et al. [346] |
| African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | UV-A | UV-A radiation adversely affects the immune system of Clarias gariepinus through the induction of oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, and tissue damage. | Ibrahim [347] |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UVR | Ultraviolet radiation influences the immune response of rainbow trout by diminishing phagocytic activity while not significantly affecting T lymphocyte proliferation. | Hébert et al. [348] |
| Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UV-B | UVB radiation influences the immune system of rainbow trout, leading to a gradual decrease in their resistance to parasitic and bacterial infections. | Markkula et al. [349] |
| Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) | UV-A/ UV-B | Ultraviolet radiation, specifically UVA, has a beneficial effect on immune responses and growth in Litopenaeus vannamei through the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity and the reduction of apoptosis-related gene expression. | Fei et al. [350] |
| European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | UVR | Ultraviolet (UV) radiation affects the immune system, particularly in the context of developing a UV-inactivated viral vaccine. | Valero et al. [351] |
| Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) | UV-A | Increased concentrations of acid phosphatase (ACP), phenol oxidase (PO), and lysozyme (LZM) serve as significant indicators of innate immunity. | Wang et al. [352] |
| Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) | UV-B | The modifications in fatty acid composition resulting from UVB exposure and temperature stress may indirectly affect immune function and overall health in Atlantic salmon. | Arts et al. [353] |
| Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | UVR | Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exerts an indirect influence on the immune system of fish through the induction of oxidative stress. | Britto et al. [354] |
| Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UVR | The detrimental impacts of UV light on the skin of rainbow trout can indirectly impair immune function by compromising the skin, an essential barrier against infection. | Bullock and Coutts [355] |
| Caspian Sea Salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) | UVR | Ultraviolet (UV) radiation indirectly affects the immune system by damaging the skin, which is essential for the defense mechanisms in fish. | Ghanizadeh Kazerouni† and Khodabandeh [356] |
| Intertidal fish | UVR | The physiological effects may indirectly influence the immune system by undermining overall health and energy distribution, thereby increasing the fish's vulnerability to disease. | García-Huidobro et al. [357] |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | UV-B | Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation affects the immune system of fish indirectly by causing damage to skin and tissues essential for defense mechanisms. | Abedi et al. [358] |
| African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | UV-A | Ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation affects the immune system of fish, primarily characterized by physiological and biochemical alterations. | Sayed et al. [359] |
| Atlantic Cod Larvae (Gadus morhua) | UVR | Behavioural and survival impairments in larval cod resulting from UV exposure may indirectly influence overall health and resilience, potentially impacting immune function. | Fukunishi et al. [360] |
| Freshwater Carp (Labeo rohita) | UV-B | Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation affects the immune system of fish, demonstrated by alterations in biochemical and physiological markers following UV-B exposure. | Singh et al. [361] |
UV-A: Ultraviolet-A (320-400 nm); UV-B: Ultraviolet-B (280-320 nm); UVR: Ultraviolet radiation