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. 2025 Jun 3;19:100131. doi: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2025.100131

Table 2.

Emerging biomarkers associated with circadian dysregulation in CVD.

Biomarker Mechanism of Action Status Ref.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Circadian-regulated protein involved in fibrinolysis; elevated levels during circadian misalignment promote thrombosis. Identified as circadian regulated, under investigation. McHill et al. (2024)
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) Reduced during circadian misalignment, contributing to hypercoagulable states and increased cardiovascular risk. Under investigation. McHill et al. (2024)
Coagulation Factor VII Exhibits 24-h rhythmicity; altered levels during circadian misalignment may increase coagulation risk. Under investigation. McHill et al. (2024)
BloodCCD Measures circadian clock disruption through RNA-sequencing of 42 clock-regulated genes in blood samples. Clinical trials for circadian dysfunction detection. Altman et al. (2022)
miRNAs (e.g., QSOX1, LIPCAR, MICRA) Circadian variations in miRNA expression reflect inflammatory and metabolic changes linked to cardiovascular disease. Investigational biomarkers for CAD and heart failure. Vanhaverbeke et al. (2022)
Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) Regulates NAD + biosynthesis; circadian oscillations influence energy metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis. Preclinical studies. Acosta-Rodríguez et al. (2021)
TimeTeller (Wearable Device Output) Non-invasive monitoring of circadian rhythm outputs like body temperature and heart rate for personalized diagnostics. Emerging tool; under evaluation. Dose et al. (2023)
ARNTL, CRY2, BHLHE41, NPAS2 Circadian rhythm-related hub genes that serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of heart failure Under investigation. Sun et al. (2023)
C-Reactive Protein, IL-6 Pro-inflammatory markers linked to increased oxidative stress and disrupted circadian rhythms, upregulated in shift workers Under investigation. Wong et al. (2023)
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Angiopoietin-2, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4, Follistatin-related protein-3, and Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein-29 Circadian regulated proteins associated decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor and increased tissue factor within the coagulation pathway during circadian misalignment; promote hypercoagulative state. Under investigation. McHill et al. (2024)