Table 3.

Effects of rhodium complexes on bacterial growth.

Complex	Oxidation state	Bacteria	Antibacterial activities	Mechanism of action	Ref.
[Rh(I)bipyCOD]+Cl−, [Rh(I)phenCOD]+Cl− (30)	+1	G+ and G-	S.aureus: 11.7–36.4 μM E. coli: 2.5–18 μM	Interaction of the complex with the bacterial nucleic acids	[95]
Rh(I) complexes linked to 2-thiobarbituric acid (31)	+1	G+ and G-	S.aureus: 23 μg/mL E. coli: 24 μg/mL		[96]
[Rh(COD)(N-N)]BF4 (32)	+1	G+	M. luteus: ≤12.5 μg/mL S. aureus: ≤12.5 μg/mL E. faecalis: ≤25 μg/mL S.epidermidis: ≤12.5 μg/mL	Intercalation of nitrogen ligand between nucleotide bases	[97]
[Rh(ppy)2(Mdtc)]-H2O (33)	+3	G+ and G-	S. typhi: 17 mm P. eroginosa: 16 mm P. mirabilis: 17 mm Y. enterocolitica: 17 mm S. aureus: 13 mm E. faecalis: 12 mm		[98]
Rh(III) complexes of Coumarinyl‐ Thiosemicarbazone nuclei-based ligands (34)	+3	G+ and G-	E. coli: 11–12 nm P. aeruginosa: 10–11 nm B. subtilis: 9–10 nm S. aureus:12–14 nm	Interacted with the 3GEY to form hydrogen bonds, interfering with the cellular processes	[99]
[(η5-C5Me5)Rh(LSZ)2] (35)	+3	G+ and G-	S. aureus: 16 μg/mL Candida albicans: 4 μg/mL Cryptococcus neoformans: 4 μg/mL	Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis to affect the formation of bacterial cell walls	[100]
[Rh2(OOCR)2(N-N)2(H2O)2]-(OOCR)2 (36)	+2	G+	S. aureus: 2.5 μg/mL	Inhibition of the synthesis of DNA and proteins	[101]
Rh2Ac4 (C8H12O8Rh2) (37)	+2	G+	S. pneumoniae: 25 μg/mL	Competed with Fe-haem to decrease Fe-uptake via the PiuABCD system, thereby disrupting iron metabolism	[102]
Rh2(μ-OOCCH3)4L2 (38)	+2	G+	S. aureus: 32 μg/mL B. subtilis: 32 μg/mL	Binding to nucleic acids and proteins	[103]