Table 3.

Mechanical Properties of Natural fiber reinforced polymer filaments.

Natural Fiber	3D Printing Polymer Matrix	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Flexural Strength (MPa)	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Key Observations
Flax	PLA	55–70	85–95	6.5–7.2	Good adhesion and printability; moderate stiffness.
Hemp	PLA	50–65	70–85	5.5–6.8	Biodegradable and printable; improved impact resistance.
Jute	PP	40–60	60–75	4.2–5.8	Cost-effective; moderate mechanical performance.
Bamboo	PLA	45–60	65–80	5.0–6.0	Good toughness and surface finish in prints.
Basalt	rPP	65–85	90–100	7.0–8.2	Superior strength; excellent interfacial bonding.