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. 2025 Jun 4;13:1605086. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1605086

Table 3.

Percentages of male and female university students who use different tobacco substances and their respective depression levels.

Tobacco substances Gender (tobacco substances = yes) p-Value (chi-square) for consumption differences Depression level p-Value (t-test) for depression differences
Cigarettes Males: 25% 0.000 9.63 0.032
Females: 7.4% 14.25
Electronic cigarettes Males: 23.5% 0.077 9.41 0.265
Females: 17.4% 11.36
Shisha Males: 26.5% 0.251 9.62 0.699
Females: 22.3% 10.19