Table 2.

Reported electrocatalysts for C—N coupling in urea synthesis using CO₂ and NO₂ ⁻ as reactant source.

Catalyst	Electrolyte	Electrochemical cell	J urea [mA cm−2]	Potential [VRHE]	FE [%]	Yield	Stability	Detection method	References
ZnO–V	0.2 M NaHCO3  + 0.1 M NaNO2	H‐cell	–	−0.79	23.26	16 mmol gcat −1 h−1	15	DAMO‐TSC	[89]
Cu–TiO2–Vo	0.2 M KHCO3  + 0.02 M KNO2	H‐cell	20.8	−0.40	43.1	20.8 mol h−1 s−1	–	Urease method	[49]
Te–Pd NCs	0.1 M KHCO3  + 0.01 M KNO2	H‐cell	0.1	−1.10	12.2	–	5	DAMO‐TSC	[151]
AuCu SANFs	0.5 M KHCO3  + 0.01 M KNO2	H‐cell	0.49	−1.05	24.7	64.8 mmol gcat −1 h−1	–	DAMO‐TSC	[50]
Co–NiOx @GDY	0.01 M NaNO2	H‐cell	3.86	−0.7	64.3	15.2 mmol gcat −1 h−1	–	DAMO‐TSC	[152]