Table 2.
Characteristics and clinical outcomes of participants categorized by RAR.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 1,410) | Q1 (RAR < 3.22) (n = 346) | Q2 (3.22 ≤ RAR < 3.66) (n = 358) | Q3 (3.66 ≤ RAR < 4.39) (n = 349) | Q4 (4.39 ≤ RAR) (n = 357) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 69.00 (58.00, 80.00) | 67.00 (55.00, 77.00) | 70.00 (61.00, 81.00) | 73.00 (62.00, 82.00) | 68.00 (58.00, 80.00) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.180 | |||||
| Female | 619 (43.90) | 136 (39.31) | 155 (43.30) | 162 (46.42) | 166 (46.50) | |
| Male | 791 (56.10) | 210 (60.69) | 203 (56.70) | 187 (53.58) | 191 (53.50) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.706 | |||||
| Non-White | 584 (41.42) | 139 (40.17) | 144 (40.22) | 144 (41.26) | 157 (43.98) | |
| White | 826 (58.58) | 207 (59.83) | 214 (59.78) | 205 (58.74) | 200 (56.02) | |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 82 (71, 94) | 81.00 (70, 92) | 80.50 (70, 92) | 81.00 (72, 93) | 86.00 (73, 101) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137 (122, 151) | 138 (124, 150) | 138 (123, 152) | 138 (124, 153) | 132 (114, 146) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76 (65, 88) | 78 (67, 91) | 78 (65, 88) | 77 (65, 89) | 71 (61, 85) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (times/min) | 18 (16, 22) | 18 (16, 21) | 18 (15, 22) | 18 (16, 21) | 19 (16, 23) | 0.025 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.5, 37.1) | 36.8 (36.6, 37.1) | 36.9 (36.6, 37.1) | 36.8 (36.4, 37.2) | 36.8 (36.5, 37.2) | 0.375 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (96, 100) | 98 (96, 100) | 98 (96, 100) | 98 (96, 100) | 99 (96, 100) | 0.594 |
| Severity scores | ||||||
| SOFA | 3 (2, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 7) | <0.001 |
| GCS | 14 (11, 15) | 14 (12, 15) | 14 (11, 15) | 14 (11, 15) | 14 (11, 15) | 0.608 |
| LODS | 3 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 7) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1,135 (80.50) | 283 (81.79) | 300 (83.80) | 295 (84.53) | 257 (71.99) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 372 (26.38) | 65 (18.79) | 84 (23.46) | 114 (32.66) | 109 (30.53) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 147 (10.43) | 19 (5.49) | 34 (9.50) | 36 (10.32) | 58 (16.25) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 229 (16.24) | 22 (6.36) | 49 (13.69) | 69 (19.77) | 89 (24.93) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 77 (5.46) | 6 (1.73) | 25 (6.98) | 26 (7.45) | 20 (5.60) | 0.003 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 27 (7.80) | 32 (8.94) | 57 (16.33) | 60 (16.81) | 27 (7.80) | <0.001 |
| AKI | 1,083 (76.81) | 242 (69.94) | 268 (74.86) | 272 (77.94) | 301 (84.31) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis | 614 (43.55) | 105 (30.35) | 126 (35.20) | 162 (46.42) | 221 (61.90) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| WBC (K/μL) | 10.1 (7.8, 13.5) | 10.4 (8.0, 13.1) | 9.8 (7.8, 12.8) | 9.9 (8.0, 13.8) | 10.2 (7.5, 14.4) | 0.630 |
| Platelet (K/μL) | 200.0 (155.0, 256.0) | 209.5 (170.0, 248.8) | 206.0 (169.0, 252.3) | 198.0 (151.0, 256.0) | 180.0 (117.0, 269.0) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 17.0 (12.0, 23.0) | 14.0 (11.0, 18.0) | 16.0 (12.0, 21.0) | 17.0 (14.0, 26.0) | 20.0 (13.0, 33.0) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.3) | 3.9 (3.6, 4.2) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) | 0.032 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.0 (137.0, 142.0) | 140.0 (137.0, 142.0) | 140.0 (137.0, 142.0) | 140.0 (137.0, 142.0) | 139.0 (135.0, 142.0) | 0.007 |
| Glucose (g/dL) | 130.0 (107.0, 161.0) | 131.5 (109.0, 158.0) | 126.0 (104.0, 153.0) | 133.0 (109.0, 167.0) | 130.00 (104.0, 169.0) | 0.150 |
| INR | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | <0.001 |
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 15.0 (13.0, 17.0) | 15.0 (13.0, 17.0) | 14.0 (13.0, 16.0) | 15.0 (13.0, 17.0) | 15.0 (12.0, 17.0) | <0.001 |
| PT(s) | 12.7 (11.7, 14.4) | 12.0 (11.3, 13.0) | 12.5 (11.7, 13.7) | 12.9 (11.9, 14.4) | 14.2 (12.6, 17.0) | <0.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | ||||||
| Beta blockers | 580 (41.13) | 137 (39.60) | 143 (39.94) | 153 (43.84) | 147 (41.18) | 0.659 |
| Diuretic | 486 (34.47) | 105 (30.35) | 101 (28.21) | 119 (34.10) | 161 (45.10) | <0.001 |
| Mannitol | 187 (13.26) | 56 (16.18) | 49 (13.69) | 39 (11.17) | 43 (12.04) | 0.221 |
| Statin | 446 (31.63) | 100 (28.90) | 129 (36.03) | 97 (27.79) | 120 (33.61) | 0.060 |
| Vasoactive drug | 263 (18.65) | 43 (12.43) | 48 (13.41) | 62 (17.77) | 110 (30.81) | <0.001 |
| Ventilator | 980 (69.50) | 217 (62.72) | 235 (65.64) | 246 (70.49) | 282 (78.99) | <0.001 |
| CRRT | 46 (3.26) | 2 (0.58) | 4 (1.12) | 7 (2.01) | 33 (9.24) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral Surgery | 158 (11.21) | 51 (14.74) | 33 (9.22) | 42 (12.03) | 32 (8.96) | 0.050 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| Hospital stay (day) | 8.57 (4.18, 16.13) | 8.30 (3.94, 16.10) | 7.64 (4.44, 15.05) | 8.75 (3.91, 14.86) | 10.11 (4.77, 19.37) | 0.011 |
| ICU stay (day) | 3.92 (1.88, 8.62) | 3.88 (1.77, 9.58) | 3.83 (1.90, 7.43) | 3.65 (1.87, 8.28) | 4.46 (1.97, 9.61) | 0.233 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 501 (35.53) | 76 (21.97) | 93 (25.98) | 138 (39.54) | 194 (54.34) | <0.001 |
| 365-day mortality, n (%) | 601 (42.62) | 103 (29.77) | 109 (30.45) | 167 (47.85) | 222 (62.18) | <0.001 |
RAR, red blood cell distribution width to albumin ratio; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; SpO2, oxygen saturation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; LODS, Logistic Organ Dysfunction System; AKI, acute kidney injury; WBC, white blood cell; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU, intensive care unit.