Table 2.
Seizures characteristics, EEG findings, antiseizure medications strategies, prognosis in GFAP astrocytopathy patients with seizures.
| During admission | Follow up after discharge after discharge | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient no. | Days from symptom onset to first seizure | Type of seizure (seizure frequency) | SE | Interictal EEG | Seizures captured on EEG | ASMs | Total follow-up duration | Time from discharge to recurrent seizures | Type of seizure (seizure frequency) | SE | ASMs | Response to therapy |
| 1 | 1w | Focal (1 episode) | No | Slow waves in the right brain region +spike wave | No | No | 3y8m | 15 m | Focal (1–2 episodes/m) | No | LCS, PER | Failure |
| 2 | 1d | Focal (1episode/2-7d) | No | Spike wave | No | OXC | 2y1 m | 0.5 m | Focal (4–5 episodes/ m) |
No | OXC | Failure |
| 3 | 1d | Focal (1–4 episodes/d) | No | Slow waves in the right parietal and temporal regions | No | No | 3y1 m | No seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 4 | 2d | GTCS (several episodes/4 d) | Yes | Severe and widespread low voltage | No | LEV | 4y1 m | 1 m | Focal (several episodes/w) | No | LEV | Dead |
| 5 | 1d | Focal (1–4 episodes/ d) | No | Slow waves in the left central, parietal, and occipital regions | Three focal seizures | LEV, LCS | 1y8m | 4 m | Focal (9 episodes/4 m) | No | LCS, LEV | Seizure-free |
| 6 | 2 W | Focal (2 episodes) | No | Diffuse slow waves | No | No | 3y4 m | No seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 7 | 1d | Focal (1 episode) | No | Diffuse slow waves | No | No | 3y | No seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 8 | 1d | GTCS+Focal (1–3 episodes/ d) | Yes | Slow waves in the right temporal region | One BIRDs, one electrical seizures | OXC | 1y4 m | 2 m | Focal (3 episodes/3d) | No | OXC + IVMP | Seizure-free |
| 9 | 1 W | GTCS (several episodes/ w) | Yes | Diffuse slow waves | No | No | 2y6m | No seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 10 | 1d | Focal (2–4 episodes/ d) | Yes | Slow waves in the left brain region | No | No | 4y | no seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 11 | 4d | Focal (1–4 episodes/1–2 d) | No | Diffuse slow wave | Five electrical seizures | LEV, CZP | 3y11 m | 0.5 m | Focal (several episodes/m) | No | LEV+OXC + VPA + IVMP | Failure |
| 12 | 5d | GTCS(3 episodes) | No | Diffuse slow wave | No | No | 4y6m | No seizure | / | / | No | / |
| 13 | 1d | GTCS (1–7 episodes/d) | Yes | Diffuse slow wave+spike wave | No | LEV | 3y4 m | No seizure | / | / | LEV | / |
| 14 | 4d | Focal (1–3 episodes/d) | No | Diffuse slow waves+sharp waves in the posterior brain region | One NCSE | LEV, VPA | 2y | 5 m | Focal (1 episode/ several months) | No | VPA + PER | Reduction |
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EEG, electroencephalography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; IVMP, intravenous methylprednisolone; PLEX, Plasma exchange; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; NA, no available; ASMs, antiseizure medications; SE, status epilepticus; GTCS, generalized tonic–clonic seizure; BIRD, brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharge; NCSE, non-convulsive status epilepticus; VPA, valproate; LEV, levetiracetam; OXC, oxcarbazepine; LCS, lacosamide; CZP, clonazepam; y, year; m, month; d, day; WBC, white blood cell; P, protein.