Table 3.
Summary of clinical presentation and associated conditions in GFAP astrocytopathy patients with seizures.
| Items | Incidence |
|---|---|
| Feature | |
| Males:females | 9:5 |
| Mean age (y) | 6.43 ± 3.34 |
| Intensive care unit | 9/14 (64.3%) |
| Main symptoms | |
| Fever | 10/14 (71.4%) |
| Disorders of consciousness | 10/14 (71.4%) |
| Dyskinesia | 6/14 (42.9%) |
| Psychiatric symptoms | 5/14 (35.7%) |
| Headache | 4/14 (28.6%) |
| Involuntary movements | 4/14 (28.6%) |
| Peripheral motor or sensory nerve damage | 2/14 (14.3%) |
| Bowel or micturition disorder | 2/14 (14.3%) |
| Seizure characteristics during the acute phase | |
| Focal seizures | 9/14 (64.3%) |
| GTCS | 4/14 (28.6%) |
| Both GTCS and focal seizures | 1/14 (7.1%) |
| SE | 5/14 (35.7%) |
| Epileptic seizures as the initial symptom | 7/14 (50.0%) |
| EEG findings | |
| Abnormal | 14/14 (100.0%) |
| Severe low voltage | 1/14 (7.1%) |
| Focal slow waves | 5/14 (35.7%) |
| Diffuse slow wave | 7/14 (50.0%) |
| Epileptiform discharge | 4/14 (28.6%) |
| Neuroimaging | |
| Brain | 12/14 (85.7%) |
| Spinal cord | 3/14 (21.4%) |
| Optic nerve | 1/14 (7.1%) |
| Enhancement | 8/14 (57.1%) |
| CSF abnormality | |
| Elevated protein | 5/14 (35.7%) |
| Elevated leukocyte | 9/14 (64.3%) |
| Multiple antibodies positive | 2/14 (14.3%) |
| Immunotherapy during the acute phase | |
| IVMP | 5/14 (35.7%) |
| IVMP+IVIG | 8/14 (57.1%) |
| IVMP+IVIG+PLEX | 1/14 (7.1%) |
| Recurrent seizure characteristics after discharge | |
| Patients of recurrent seizures | 7/14 (50.0%) |
| Time from discharge to recurrent seizures | 0.5–15 m |
| focal seizures | 7/7 (100.0%) |
| Seizure freedom achieved | 2/7 (28.6%) |
| seizure reduction | 1/7 (14.3%) |
| Seizure failure | 3/7 (42.9%) |
| Dead | 1/7 (14.3%) |