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. 2025 Jun 18;74(8):242. doi: 10.1007/s00262-025-04070-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of the chemokine receptor-XCR1 specific ligand modified dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles in vitro. A Schematic diagram of XCL1 overexpression DC 2.4 cells derived extracellular vesicles (DEX_XCL1) production and application; B XCL1 overexpress efficiency in DC 2.4 cell line via western blot; C Representative transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images (scale bar, 200 nm) and D Size distribution with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of DC 2.4 cells derived extracellular vesicles (DEX) or DEX_XCL1. E Western blot analysis of XCL1 in the purified extracellular vesicles from DEX and DEX_XCL1, probed with antibodies against exosome marker CD9. All lanes were loaded with the same amount of total protein. F, G Flow cytometry for analyzing the DC maturation relative surface marker CD86 expression level on DEX and DEX_XCL1 (“im”: immaturation; “m” indicted maturation induction of XCL1 overexpression DC2.4 cells with PolyI: C and CD40L),all DEX_XCL1 were mentioned in the article refers to maturation induction of XCL1 overexpression DC2.4 cells with Poly I: C and CD40L derived exosome (n = 3, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001)