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. 2025 Jun 18;9(2):021505. doi: 10.1063/5.0272393

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FIG. 4. — Overview of key techniques to study confined migration in vitro. (a) Linear micropatterned surfaces guide cell alignment and migration within the defined pattern, resulting in 2D confined migration. In addition, PDMS-based platforms are used to study more physiologically relevant types of confinement, including (b) pinch-point confinement using micropillars to study intravasation and extravasation, (c) vertical confinement, and (d) long microchannels to investigate sustained confinement in vitro. (e) 3D ECM fiber networks are used to study the complex interplay between confinement and matrix composition.