Table 2.
Discounted cost-effectiveness analysis results*
| Two-year outcomes | Enrolled in NDPP | Not enrolled in NDPP | Difference between enrollees and nonenrollees |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct medical costs ($) | |||
| Change in inpatient costs | −3,393 (−10,993, 966) | −382 (−1,564, 806) | −3,011 (−10,658, 1,619) |
| Change in outpatient costs | −1,583 (−4,708, 1,053) | −364 (−1,905, 876) | −1,219 (−4,571, 1,873) |
| Change in emergency room costs | −337 (−815, 57) | −18 (−196, 173) | −319 (−820, 110) |
| Change in laboratory costs | −10 (−45, 23) | 5 (−17, 27) | −15 (−57, 26) |
| Change in other costs | −16 (−332, 253) | 184 (−41, 491) | −200 (−664, 147) |
| Change in diagnostic testing costs | −103 (−879, 462) | 119 (−93, 349) | −222 (−964, 359) |
| Change in durable medical equipment costs | −90 (−264, 31) | −36 (−64, −10) | −54 (−230, 69) |
| Change in prescription medication costs | −16 (−58, 18) | 14 (−9, 47) | −30 (−85, 16) |
| Subtotal | −5,549 (−14,447, 640) | −479 (−2,573, 1,526) | −5,070 (−13,755, 1,504) |
| Intervention costs | 518 (504, 532) | 0 (0, 0) | 518 (504, 532) |
| Total costs | −5,031 (−13,937, 1,165) | −479 (−2,573, 1,526) | −4,552 (−13,231, 2,014) |
| Health utility scores | |||
| Change in EQ-5D-5L | −0.010 (−0.037, 0.016) | −0.004 (−0.033, 0.022) | 0.005 (−0.027, 0.038)† |
| QALYs | |||
| EQ-5D-5L | 1.703 (1.677, 1.727) | 1.681 (1.653, 1.707) | −0.001 (−0.022, 0.019)† |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.09 (3.32, 7.03) | 7.85 (6.69, 9.24) | −2.77 (−4.87, −0.49) |
Values are mean (95% CI). EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire; QALY, quality-adjusted life-year.
*Costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% in year 2.
†A regression model was used to adjust for baseline health utility scores to assess the difference in EQ-5D-5L utility scores at 2 years and QALYs over 2 years between two groups.