Table 3.
Models 1 and 2 for risk of cognitive decline in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
| Variable |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
||||||||||
|
Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
|||||||||
|
β
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P value
|
β
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P value
|
β
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P value
|
β
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P value
|
|
| Age | 0.066 | 1.068 (1.036-1.102) | < 0.01 | 0.068 | 1.081 (1.032-1.131) | < 0.01 | 0.075 | 1.079 (1.028-1.132) | 0.02 | |||
| Male | -0.643 | 0.526 (0.299 -0.923) | 0.02 | 0.227 | 1.255 (0.786-1.987) | 0.51 | ||||||
| Education level | -0.08 | 0.923 (0.862-0.987) | 0.02 | 0.043 | 1.004 (0.449-1.760) | 0.285 | ||||||
| Mental work | -0.572 | 0.564 (0.223-0.812) | 0.178 | -0.909 | 0.403 (0.197-0.824) | 0.01 | -1.248 | 0.287 (0.127-0.651) | < 0.01 | |||
| Residential region (urban) | -0.122 | 0.886 (0.734-0.992) | 0.70 | 0.381 | 1.464 (1.098-1.803) | 0.34 | ||||||
| Smoking | -0.57 | 1.99 (0.013-3.211) | 0.05 | -0.366 | 0.693 (0.228-1.091) | 0.31 | ||||||
| Drinking | 0.075 | 1.078 (0.978-1.232) | 0.56 | 0.075 | 1.078 (0.332-2.597) | 0.87 | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.457 | 1.579 (1.343-1.923) | 0.18 | 0.282 | 1.326 (1.021-1.643) | 0.486 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.489 | 1.631 (0.983-2.922) | 0.10 | 0.657 | 1.932 (0.332-3.594) | 0.06 | ||||||
| Hearing impairment | 2.378 | 10.78 (2.10-54.8) | < 0.01 | 2.227 | 9.273 (0.940-91.436) | 0.04 | ||||||
| Stroke | 1.068 | 2.91 (1.251-6.770) | 0.01 | 1.415 | 4.118 (1.40, 12.109) | 0.01 | 1.130 | 3.096 (1.220-7.858) | 0.02 | 1.527 | 4.604 (1.506-14.076) | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | -0.048 | 0.954 (0.322-1.940) | 0.86 | 0.122 | 1.129 (0.756-1.911) | 0.72 | ||||||
| BMI | 0.001 | 1.001 (0.921-1.344) | 0.97 | 0.046 | 1.047 (0.334-2.019) | 0.29 | ||||||
| Mid-UAC | -0.029 | 0.972 (0.187-3.009) | 0.54 | -0.007 | 0.993 (0.033-2.870) | 0.9 | ||||||
| 6MWT | 0.269 | 1.308 (1.131-1.513) | < 0.01 | 0.175 | 1.191 (1.024, 1.385) | 0.02 | 0.26 | 1.297 (1.084-1.553) | < 0.01 | |||
| Grip strength | -0.063 | 0.93 (0.90-0.987) | < 0.01 | -0.055 | 0.947 (0.911, 0.984) | < 0.01 | -0.053 | 0.948 (0.911-0.988) | 0.01 | |||
| FBG | -0.04 | 0.996 (0.541-1.982) | 0.935 | -0.023 | 0.977 (0.334-2.081) | 0.67 | ||||||
| HbA1C | 0.106 | 1.12 (0.711-1.593) | 0.09 | 0.098 | 1.103 (0.321-3.017) | 0.199 | ||||||
| hsCRP | 0.07 | 1.007 (0.448-1.831) | 0.61 | 0.07 | 1.007 (0.409-1.910) | 0.646 | ||||||
| β2-MG | 0.24 | 1.273 (1.051-1.542) | 0.013 | 0.285 | 1.330 (1.036-1.714) | 0.028 | ||||||
| IL-6 | 0.02 | 1.02 (0.772-1.406) | 0.21 | 0.014 | 1.014 (0.119-4.557) | 0.508 | ||||||
| TCH | -0.309 | 0.734 (0.569-0.948) | 0.012 | -0.206 | 0.814 (0.286-1.337) | 0.173 | ||||||
| TG | 0.073 | 1.076 (0.471-2.696) | 0.44 | 0.012 | 1.012 (0.553-3.469) | 0.902 | ||||||
| LDL-C | -0.263 | 0.77 (0.224-1.927) | 0.07 | -0.267 | 0.766 (0.468-1.370) | 0.126 | ||||||
| HDL-C | 0.068 | 1.071 (0.443-3.042) | 0.82 | 0.056 | 1.057 (0.427-3.285) | 0.871 | ||||||
| MNA-SF-based malnutrition | 1.063 | 2.895 (1.438-5.830) | < 0.01 | 1.075 | 2.930 (1.218, 7.046) | 0.02 | 0.902 | 2.465 (1.040-5.839) | 0.04 | 0.912 | 2.908 (1.01-4.913) | 0.044 |
| IADL-based disability | 1.333 | 3.793 (2.117-6.796) | < 0.01 | 0.896 | 2.449 (1.160, 5.172) | 0.01 | 1.171 | 3.226 (1.624-6.405) | < 0.01 | 0.856 | 2.354 (1.062-5.215) | 0.035 |
| FRAIL-based frailty phenotype | -0.380 | 1.463 (0.563-1.980) | 0.42 | 0.914 | 2.493 (0.462-5.707) | 0.157 | ||||||
| Low physical activity | 0.621 | 1.860 (1.053-3.285) | 0.03 | 0.407 | 1.502 (0.978-3.750) | 0.23 | ||||||
BMI: Body mass index; UAC: Upper arm circumference; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; IL: Interleukin; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TCH: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; FRAIL: Fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight.