Table 1.
The role and characteristics of common metal nanomaterials
|
Metal
|
Metal nanomaterials
|
Role of nanomaterials
|
Characteristics of nanomaterials
|
Ref.
|
| Au | AuNPs spheres | Cytotoxicity: AuNPs stars were the most toxic, while AuNPs spheres were the least toxic. Induction of apoptosis. Drug delivery. Photothermal therapy | Small size, large specific surface area, good biocompatibility. The optical properties and cytotoxicity are shape and size dependent. Strong penetration | [19] |
| AuNPs rods | ||||
| AuNPs stars | ||||
| AuNPs | Cytotoxicity. Surface plasmon resonance: AuNPs have a strong surface plasmon resonance effect, which can be detected by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Medium or drug carrier for photothermal therapy | Size dependence. Biocompatibility. Cell uptake efficiency is size-dependent | [20] | |
| AuNPs | Enhance the effect of hyperthermia. Enhance the effect of chemotherapy. Combined therapy: AuNPs showed synergistic effect when combined with microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy | Size dependence. Good biocompatibility. Photothermal conversion capability. Drug delivery potential | [21] | |
| Ph-AuNPs | Antitumor activity. Cytotoxicity. Cell cycle arrest. Induction of apoptosis | Small and uniform size. Good biocompatibility. Surface modification. High stability. Environmental protection and low cost | [22] | |
| “Hedgehog ball” shaped nanoprobes (Fe3O4@Au-pep-CQDs) | Detection of inflammatory markers. Multimodal imaging. Tumor microenvironment monitoring | Multi-modal detection capability. Magnetic separation function. High sensitivity and specificity. Good biocompatibility. Targeting | [23] | |
| Glycogenic AuNPs | Anticancer activity. Good biocompatibility. Cellular uptake | Controllable size. Surface modification. Selective toxicity. Fluorescence characteristics | [24] | |
| Protein-coated AuNPs | Drug carrier. Fluorescent labeling diagnosis. Enhanced cellular uptake | Controllable size and surface charge. Good biocompatibility. High cellular uptake efficiency | [25] | |
| B-AuNPs conjugated CIS and DOX | Drug delivery. Enhance drug stability. Reduce side effects | Good biocompatibility and low toxicity. Surface chemical properties can be adjusted. Capable of loading a large number of drug molecules. It can accumulate in tumor tissues | [26] | |
| Au-GSH NPs | Inhibition of tumor cell extravasation. No toxicity. Enhanced cellular uptake and accumulation | Small size, good dispersion and stability. Negatively charged surface, which facilitates cellular uptake. No toxicity | [27] | |
| AuNR@SiO2 | Chemotherapy: DOX loading. Photothermal therapy. Anti-angiogenesis. Targeted delivery | Photothermal response. Drug carrier. Targeting. Adjustable degradation | [29] | |
| AuNPs functionalized carborane complex | BNCT treatment. Imaging and diagnosis. Drug delivery | Good biocompatibility. Targeting. Photothermal response. Adjustable water solubility | [30] | |
| PtU2-AuNPs | Drug delivery. Enhanced cytotoxicity. Targeted therapy | Biocompatibility. Drug carrier function. Enhanced cellular uptake. Enhanced cytotoxicity | [31] | |
| Au@MMSN-Ald | Bone-targeted therapy. Integrated chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy. Dual-modality imaging. Responsive drug release | Versatility. Efficient drug release in the tumor microenvironment. Efficient targeting ability. Imaging ability | [32] | |
| Ag | AgNPs | Antibacterial effect. Cytotoxicity. Induction of oxidative stress. Cell cycle regulation | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility | [33] |
| AgNPs | Cytotoxicity. Antibacterial effect. Induction of apoptosis. Affect the cell cycle. Oxidative stress induction | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Cellular uptake capacity. Induction of oxidative stress | [34] | |
| AgNPs | Cytotoxicity. Antibacterial effect. Induction of apoptosis. Affect the cell cycle. Oxidative stress induction. Genotoxicity. Drug delivery vehicles | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Cellular uptake capacity. Induction of oxidative stress. Cell-specific responses | [35] | |
| AgNPs synthesized from plant extracts | Antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative activity. Drug delivery. Bioimaging | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Versatility. Environmentally friendly. Diversity of antimicrobial mechanisms | [36] | |
| AgNPs synthesized from leaf extracts | Antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative activity. Drug delivery. Bioimaging. Antioxidant activity | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Versatility. Environmentally friendly. Diversity of antimicrobial mechanisms | [37] | |
| AgNPs synthesized from grapefruit extracts | Antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative activity. Drug delivery. Bioimaging. Antioxidant activity | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Versatility. Environmentally friendly. Diversity of antimicrobial mechanisms | [38] | |
| AgNPs and cAgNPs synthesized by Bacillus cereus | Antimicrobial activity. Anti-proliferative activity. Drug delivery. Bioimaging. Induction of apoptosis. Reduced normal cytotoxicity | High surface area. Quantum size effect. Surface effect. Size and shape dependence. Good biocompatibility. Versatility. Environmentally friendly. Diversity of antimicrobial mechanisms | [39] | |
| AgNPs coating | Antibacterial property. Biocompatibility. Drug release. Surface modification | Size effect. Surface activity. Concentration dependence. Shape dependence | [40] | |
| f-HAp/PVP/Ag NPs | Antibacterial property. Biocompatibility. Drug release. Surface modification | Size effect. Surface can be modified. Concentration dependence. Shape dependence | [41] | |
| Cu | Cu-Fe3O4 NCs-AS-ALG | Catalytic activity. Enhanced oxidative stress. Induction of apoptosis. Targeted delivery. Good biocompatibility | High surface area. Surface activity. Surface can be modified. Concentration dependence. Shape dependence | [42] |
| Cu-Cy NPs | Photodynamic therapy. Antitumor activity. Reactive ROS generation | High surface area. Photosensitive characteristics: Microwave activation. Good biocompatibility. Versatility: Combined thermal and chemical effects | [43] | |
| Fe | “Hedgehog ball” shaped nanoprobes (Fe3O4@Au-pep-CQDs) | Detection of inflammatory markers. Multimodal imaging. Tumor microenvironment monitoring | Multi-modal detection capability. Magnetic separation function. High sensitivity and specificity. Good biocompatibility. Targeting | [23] |
| Cu-Fe3O4 NCs-AS-ALG | Catalytic activity. Enhanced oxidative stress. Induction of apoptosis. Targeted delivery. Good biocompatibility | High surface area. Surface activity. Surface can be modified. Concentration dependence. Shape dependence | [42] | |
| Zn-Fe3O4 NPsCo-Fe3O4NPs | Magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy. Magnetic heating effect. Cell labeling and imaging. Drug delivery. Cell therapy. Good biocompatibility. Ion release. Cytotoxicity | High surface area. Surface activity. Concentration dependence. Magnetic properties. Shape dependence. Surface modification. Stability | [44] | |
| Carbon-coated iron oxide NPs | Contrast enhancement on MRI. Drug delivery. Magnetic heating therapy. Cell isolation and labeling. Cell viability and toxicity | High surface area. Surface activity. Size dependence. Concentration dependence. Good biocompatibility. Shape dependence. Surface modification. Stability | [45] | |
| Iron oxide NPs (IO-cage and IO-sphere) | Enhance drug loading. Enhance drug stability. Targeted therapy. Induction of apoptosis. Reduce tumor volume. Bioluminescence imaging. Immune escape | High surface area. Shape effect. Surface modification. Stability. Targeting. Good biocompatibility | [46] | |
| Fe3O4 NPs | Endocytosis promoted by electrical stimulation. MRI signal enhancement. Cell labeling and tracking. Magnetic heating therapy. Drug delivery | High surface area. Shape affects the endocytic mechanism. Surface modification. Targeting. Enhancing effect of electrical stimulation | [47] | |
| Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs | Biomedical imaging. Magnetic thermotherapy. Biosensing and diagnostics. Support for tissue repair and regeneration. Fight infections | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Macroscopic quantum tunneling. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [48] | |
| FeHA and Mag@CaP NPs | Enhanced MRI and ultrasound imaging. Drug carrier. Bone tissue repair and regeneration. Biosensors. Fight infections | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [49] | |
| Fe3O4@ZIF-8 NPs | Improve drug targeting. Enhance drug stability. Ph-responsive release. Enhanced MRI and optical imaging. Chemotherapy intensification. Bone tissue repair and regeneration | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [50] | |
| HA@MOF/D-Arg NPs | Improve drug targeting. Enhance drug stability. Ph-responsive release. Enhanced MRI imaging. Enhanced chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Alleviate tumor hypoxia. Bone tissue repair and regeneration | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [51] | |
| D-Arg/GOX/TPZ@PDA/MOF NPs | Improve drug targeting. Enhance the efficacy of medications. Ph-responsive release. Enhanced MRI imaging. Enhanced chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Starvation therapy. Gas therapy. Bone tissue repair and regeneration | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [52] | |
| FePt/MnO2@PEG NPs | Improve drug targeting. Prolong the drug circulation time. Enhanced MRI imaging. Radiotherapy enhancement. Alleviate tumor hypoxia. Induction of ferroptosis | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [53] | |
| BTZ/TA/Fe3+ NPs | Improve drug stability. Control drug release. Enhance the efficacy of medications. Reduce side effects. Improve drug delivery efficiency | pH sensitivity. High drug loading efficiency and drug loading capacity. Good biocompatibility. Stability. Adjustability | [54] | |
| FeS2@CP NPs | Photothermal therapy. Chemo-dynamic therapy. Collaborative therapy. Tumor microenvironment responsiveness | Efficient Fenton catalytic activity. High photothermal conversion efficiency. Good biocompatibility. Versatility. Degradability | [55] | |
| Ca | HA-BSA-PTX NPs | Cytotoxicity. Cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Promote osteoblast differentiation. Regulation of osteogenic gene expression. Reduce systemic toxicity | Efficient drug loading and release. Good biocompatibility and degradability. Versatility | [56] |
| CaF2:Eu NPs | Enhance the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy. DNA damage. Inhibition of tumor growth. Reduce tumor recurrence and metastasis | Photoluminescence characteristics. Good biocompatibility. Selective toxicity. Radioenhancement characteristics | [57] | |
| Zn | ZnO NPs | Induction of apoptosis. Induction of autophagy. Oxidative stress and cell death. Interaction between autophagy and apoptosis | Stability. Good biocompatibility. Zinc ion release characteristics. Effect on cell cycle. Selective toxicity | [58] |
| ZnO NPs | Ultrasound-assisted water oxidation. ROS generation. Inhibition of tumor cell growth. Induction of apoptosis | Crystallinity. Optical properties. Piezoelectric characteristics. Catalytic activity. Surface modification and reactivity | [59] | |
| ZnO NPs | ROS production. Induction of apoptosis. Antitumor activity | Crystallinity. Optical properties. Green synthesis, environmental protection and low cost. Surface chemical properties | [60] | |
| ZnTiO3 NPs | Antibacterial. ROS generation. Cytotoxicity | Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Mechanical properties. Good biocompatibility | [61] | |
| Ti-ZnO-PBA-NG NPs | Antibacterial. Increased intracellular ROS levels. Induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts | pH responsiveness. Antibacterial property. Anti-tumor properties. Good biocompatibility. Surface modification | [62] | |
| ZnO NPs synthesized from Rehmannia | Anticancer activity. Induction of apoptosis. ROS production. Mitochondrial membrane potential changes | Green synthesis. Good biocompatibility. Crystal structure. Bioactive ingredients. Photocatalytic activity | [63] | |
| Ti | TiO2 NPs | Acoustic catalytic activity. ROS produced. Inhibition of tumor cell growth and proliferation | Semiconductor properties. Amorphous structure. Optical inertia | [59] |
| ZnTiO3 NPs | Antibacterial. ROS generation. Cytotoxicity | Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Mechanical properties. Good biocompatibility | [61] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Induction of cytotoxicity. ROS production. Decrease GSH levels | Large surface area. Semiconductor properties. Good biocompatibility. Photocatalytic activity | [69] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Photocatalytic activity. Efficient generation of ROS under microwave. Selective toxicity. Microwave induced photodynamic therapy. Inhibition of osteosarcoma tumor growth | Clear lattice stripes. Surface charge. Good biocompatibility. Stability | [70] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Broad-spectrum antibacterial property. Cytotoxicity. Photocatalytic performance | Green synthesis, low environmental protection cost. Tetragonal crystal structure. Optical properties. Chemical stability | [71] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Broad-spectrum antibacterial property. Antitumor activity. ROS production. Application of bioanalog scaffolds. Biological activity. Mechanical properties. Protein adsorption capacity | Anatase phase structure of tetragonal crystal system. Low environmental cost. Photocatalytic activity. Thermal stability | [72] | |
| Fluorescent TiO2 NPs | Broad-spectrum antibacterial property. ROS produced. Drug carrier. Intracellular drug tracking and fluorescence imaging | Green synthesis, low environmental protection cost. Surface charge. Fluorescence characteristics. High drug load | [73] | |
| F-TiO2/P and F-TiO2/PC | Photothermal effect and photocatalytic effect. ROS production. Promote osteogenic differentiation. Antitumor activity | Good photothermal stability. Good photocatalytic performance. Hydrophilicity. Multifunctional integration. Surface modification | [74] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Photocatalytic degradation. Cytotoxicity. Photodynamic therapy. Antibacterial property. Oxidative stress | Photocatalytic activity. High specific surface area. Be versatile | [75] | |
| Folic acid modified TiO2 NPs | Cytotoxicity. Generation of ROS. Induction of apoptosis. Enhanced cellular uptake | Good dispersion. Tumor targeting. Surface charge | [76] | |
| Pt | PtU2-AuNPs | Drug delivery. Enhanced cytotoxicity. Targeted therapy | Biocompatibility. Drug carrier function. Enhanced cellular uptake. Enhanced cytotoxicity | [31] |
| FePt/MnO2@PEG NPs | Improve drug targeting. Prolong the drug circulation time. Enhanced MRI imaging. Radiotherapy enhancement. Alleviate tumor hypoxia. Induction of ferroptosis | Small size effect. Surface effect. Quantum size effect. Versatility. Good biocompatibility. Adjustability | [53] | |
| ALN-PtIV-Lipo | Enhance the effect of chemotherapy. Inhibits bone destruction. Targeted delivery. Drug accumulation. Tumor growth inhibition | Stability. Targeting. Good biological safety. Drug release | [77] | |
| Sr | Sr-HA NPs | Promote bone regeneration. Improve cell activity. Drug delivery | Stability. Surface charge. Good biocompatibility | [78] |
| Ir | IrO2@ZIF-8/BSA-FA | Photothermal therapy. Photodynamic therapy. Improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Tumor targeting. Alleviate tumor hypoxia | Versatility. Photothermal conversion capability. Catalase like activity. Targeting. High drug loading capacity. Dual pH/NIR responsiveness. Good biocompatibility | [90] |
| BSA-IrO2 NPs | Chemotherapy drug carrier. Photothermal therapy. Collaborative therapy. Increase circulation time. Tumor targeting | Stability. Photothermal conversion capability. High drug loading capacity. Dual pH/NIR responsiveness. Good biocompatibility | [91] |
BNCT: Boron neutron capture therapy; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GSH: Glutathione.