. 2025 Jun 19;9(7):e0754. doi: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000754

TABLE 3.

Nutrients significantly associated with fibrosis progression in the validation cohort

	Univariable				Adjusted^a
Variable	β/SD	β/SD/median FIB-4 slope	SE	p	β/SD	β/SD/median FIB-4 slope	SE	p	p Benjamini–Hochberg
Diabetes mellitus	0.006	0.184	0.001	<0.0001	0.005	0.171	0.001	<0.0001
Nitrate/vitamin K	−0.002	−0.072	0.001	0.0001	−0.002	−0.069	0.001	0.0001	0.005
Caffeine	−0.002	−0.067	0.001	0.0001	−0.002	−0.064	0.001	0.0002	0.005
Betaine	−0.002	−0.069	0.001	0.0001	−0.002	−0.064	0.001	0.0003	0.005
Total amino acids	−0.002	−0.058	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.059	0.001	0.001	0.010
Iron (non-heme)	0.002	0.062	0.001	0.0004	0.002	0.049	0.001	0.006	0.052
Beta carotene	−0.001	−0.037	0.001	0.037	−0.001	−0.042	0.001	0.018	0.129
Total B vitamins	0.002	0.050	0.001	0.005	0.001	0.041	0.001	0.020	0.129
Total flavanones	0.001	0.044	0.001	0.015	0.001	0.038	0.001	0.035	0.202
Iron (heme)	−0.001	−0.038	0.001	0.033	−0.001	−0.036	0.001	0.045	0.228

Note: Other nutrients suggested by Elastic Net but not validated include total furocoumarin, sucrose, alcohol, matairesinol, potassium, acrylamide, calcium, fructose+glucose, total flavanols, zinc, aspartame, vitamin D, copper, total cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids, AOAC fiber+phytosterols, total isoflavones, vitamin C, phosphorus, starch, manganese, total cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, total anthocyanidins, coumestrol, cholesterol, gluten, lycopene, total flavones, sodium, total tocopherols, total theaflavin and polymers proanthocyanidins, magnesium, alpha carotene, maltose, total saturated+unsaturated+conjugated linoleic fatty acids, vitamin E, and retinol activity equivalents.

Bold value are statistically significant P < 0.05.

^{^a}

Model adjusted for race/ethnicity, BMI class, number of metabolic syndrome risk factors, diabetes mellitus, AUDIT-C baseline, total bilirubin, AST, ALP, and baseline FIB-4.

Abbreviations: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; FIB-4, fibrosis-4.