Figure 3. Real-time BCI control architecture with user feedback integration.

The diagram illustrates a typical EEG-based BCI system for wheelchair control, combining signal acquisition, machine learning processing, and real-time movement. A key feature is the inclusion of a user feedback loop, reflecting HCD principles by allowing adaptive calibration and iterative system improvement based on user interaction

BCI: brain-computer interface; EEG: electroencephalography; HCD: human-centered design

Image credits: This is an original image created by the author Katerina D. Tzimourta