Figure 4. Comparative HCD priorities across digital health domains.

This radar chart presents a conceptual comparison of key HCD priorities across four major digital health application areas: BCI, AR/VR, AI-CDSS, and mHealth. The five axes — usability, personalization, workflow integration, user adaptation, and trust — represent critical dimensions identified through literature synthesis. Values (scale 1-5) reflect the relative emphasis placed on each factor within each domain, based on thematic analysis of empirical findings and design challenges reported in the reviewed studies. The visualization supports a cross-domain HCD framework for tailoring design strategies to technology-specific needs

AI-CDSS: artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems; AR/VR: augmented/virtual reality; BCI: brain-computer interface; HCD: human-centered design; mHealth: mobile health

Image credits: This is an original image created by the author Katerina D. Tzimourta