Table 3. Factors associated with sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire: mediation model.
| Characteristics | Poor sleep quality(n=542) | Good sleep quality(n=779) | Crude OR(95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR*(95% CI) | AdjustedP value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 392 (40.2) | 582 (59.8) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.332 | – | – |
| Male | 150 (43.2) | 197 (56.8) | 1 | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 56.6 (14.4) | 59.4 (13.5) | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.522 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.8 (4.4) | 24.6 (4.4) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.364 | 1 | – |
| Education level | ||||||
| Less than degree level | 204 (37.8) | 336 (62.2) | 0.79 (0.63, 0.98) | 0.036 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) | 0.634 |
| Degree level or higher | 335 (43.6) | 434 (56.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Income (Thai Baht per year) | ||||||
| <150 000 | 255 (38.0) | 416 (62.0) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.022 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.149 |
| ≥150 000 | 281 (44.3) | 354 (55.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Current smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 18 (62.1) | 11 (37.9) | 2.40 (1.12, 5.13) | 0.023 | 1.83 (0.81, 4.15) | 0.145 |
| No | 522 (40.5) | 767 (59.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Yes | 77 (44.8) | 95 (55.2) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.65) | 0.285 | – | – |
| No | 460 (40.5) | 677 (59.5) | 1 | |||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 124 (42.2) | 170 (57.8) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.38) | 0.650 | – | – |
| No | 418 (40.7) | 609 (59.3) | 1 | |||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 56 (37.8) | 92 (62.2) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.403 | – | – |
| No | 486 (41.4) | 687 (58.6) | 1 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| Yes | 55 (40.7) | 80 (59.3) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.42) | 0.943 | – | – |
| No | 487 (41.1) | 699 (58.9) | 1 | |||
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | ||||||
| Yes | 29 (55.8) | 23 (44.2) | 1.86 (1.06, 3.25) | 0.027 | 1.76 (0.97, 3.21) | 0.063 |
| No | 513 (40.4) | 756 (59.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Dyslipidaemia | ||||||
| Yes | 276 (41.4) | 390 (58.6) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.29) | 0.759 | – | – |
| No | 266 (40.6) | 389 (59.4) | 1 | |||
| Autoimmune disease | ||||||
| Yes | 33 (50.8) | 32 (49.2) | 1.51 (0.92, 2.49) | 0.102 | – | – |
| No | 509 (40.5) | 747 (59.5) | 1 | |||
| Digital screen time (hour), median (IQR) | 4.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | 0.002 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0.552 |
| GPAQ score (MET-minutes per week) | ||||||
| <600 | 178 (39.3) | 275 (60.7) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.365 | – | – |
| ≥600 | 361 (41.9) | 501 (58.1) | 1 | |||
| PHQ-9 scores | ||||||
| >9 | 80 (74.8) | 27 (25.2) | 4.82 (3.07, 7.57) | <0.001 | 3.87 (2.43, 6.15) | <0.001 |
| ≤9 | 462 (38.1) | 752 (61.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| STOP-Bang questionnaire | ||||||
| ≥5 | 33 (51.6) | 31 (48.4) | 1.57 (0.95, 2.59) | 0.077 | 1.40 (0.82, 2.40) | 0.212 |
| <5 | 506 (40.4) | 746 (59.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| CSM | ||||||
| Evening or intermediate type | 357 (49.9) | 358 (50.1) | 2.26 (1.80, 2.84) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.48, 2.42) | <0.001 |
| Morning type | 185 (30.6) | 420 (69.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
*
Covariates with a p<0.1 (ie, age, education levels, income, current smoker, obstructive sleep apnoea, digital screen time, PHQ-9 scores, STOP-Bang questionnaire and CSM) were simultaneously included in the multivariable logistic regression model.
BMI, body mass index; CSM, Composite Scale of Morningness; GPAQ, Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.