Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 Apr 18;30(7):3150–3159. doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03021-0

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — CU (blue), SCD (red), and MCI (green) individuals were stratified by CSF-amyloid positivity (A+ vs A-), and their baseline plasma analyzed using Simoa assays to detect A p181 and B NfL. Plasma from AD patients (purple) was included as a reference for both biomarkers. The respective stage in the AD continuum, operationalized using clinical assessment combined with CSF amyloid-positivity, is indicated below the graph (I: A + CU, II: A + SCD, III: A + MCI, IV + : AD). In both graphs, each point represents an individual subject, and means ± SEM are indicated. Differences between groups were assessed using Welch-ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test (for p181 data) or Kruskal Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test (for NfL data) for the contrasts indicated. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s., non-significant. A Plasma p181 levels are elevated in A + SCD compared to A + CU and A-SCD, while levels do not differ between A + SCD and A + MCI. B Plasma NfL levels show a trend towards increased levels in A + SCD compared to A + CU, and are significantly increased in A + SCD compared to A-SCD. Plasma NfL levels are then further elevated in A + MCI vs A + SCD.