Table 3.

Overview on validation data. Validation results for studies/tissues in italics are given in the supplementary material

Al exposure	Population	Route	Tissues in which Al was measured									$n_{\text{ID}}$	Reference
Food only (presumably)	Adults	p.o.	pla									–	(Krewski et al. 2007)
	Adults	p.o.		bon								5	(Tang et al. 1999)
	Adults	p.o.		bon								69	(Hellström et al. 2005)
	Adults	p.o.		bon								62	(Hellström et al. 2006)
	Adults	p.o.		bon								18	(Kruger et al. 2014)
	Adults	p.o.			bra							60	(House et al. 2012)
	Adults	p.o.			bra							75	(McLachlan et al. 2018)
	Adults	p.o.			bra							20	(Exley and Clarkson 2020)
	Adults	p.o.			bra	liv	kid	spl				136–149$_{}^2$	(Roider and Drasch 1999)
	Adults	p.o.				liv	kid	spl	mus			24–30$_{}^2$	(Rahil-Khazen et al. 2002)
	Adults	p.o.				liv						95$_{}^3$	(Hongve et al. 1996)
Adjuvants	Rats	i.m.	pla	bon	bra							33$_{}^4$	(Weisser et al. 2019)
	Rats	s.c.	pla	bon	bra							18$_{}^4$	(Weisser et al. 2020)
	Adults	s.c.								uri		11	(Hiller et al. 2024)
PN	Children	i.v.	pla			liv						5	(Klein et al. 1984)
	Neonate	i.v.		bon	bra	liv	kid					1	(Moreno et al. 1994)
	Children$_{}^1$	i.v.	pla							uri		4	(Advenier et al. 2003)
	Children$_{}^1$	i.v.	pla									3	(Courtney-Martin et al. 2014)
	Adults	i.v.	pla	bon								6	(Klein et al. 1982)
PN+antacid	Adults	i.v.+p.o.	pla							uri		15	(Stoehr et al. 2006)
$_{}^{26}\text{Al}$ injection	Adults	i.v.									ret	5	(Talbot et al. 1995)
	Adults	i.v.									ret	1	(Newton and Talbot 2012)

Abbreviations: PN, parenteral nutrition; $n_{\text{ID}}$, number of individuals (per tissue); pla, plasma; bon, bone; bra, brain; liv, liver; kid, kidney; spl, spleen; mus, muscle; uri, urine; ret, whole-body retention. 1: some individuals were excluded since they received PN for less than 90% of their life. 2: range of $n_{\text{ID}}$ reported for different tissues. 3: number of liver samples (number of individuals not specified). 4: total number of treated animals with different adjuvants, excluding controls