Skip to main content
. 2025 Feb 4;65(7):gnaf048. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnaf048

Table 4.

Themes and Associated Studies

Theme/subtheme Studies included Number of studies included
Theme 1: We see it as being heterosexualized N = 36
1.1: It’s all geared to heterosexual people (Barrett et al., 2014, 2015a; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009; Grant & Walker, 2020; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hosking et al., 2021; Jihanian, 2013; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Robinson, 2016; Sharek et al., 2015; Siverskog, 2023; Stein et al., 2010; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Versteeg, 2016; Waling et al., 2020; Westwood, 2016; Williams et al., 2021; Willis et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 25
1.2: Could we hold hands? (Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Dunkle, 2018a, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009; Grant & Walker, 2020; Green, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Higgins et al., 2011; Hosking et al., 2021; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; National Senior Citizens Law Center [NSCLC] et al., 2011; Putney et al., 2018; Sharek et al., 2015; Siverskog, 2023; Stein et al., 2010; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Waling et al., 2019; Westwood, 2016). N = 20
1.3: I see only invisibility (Barrett et al., 2014; Dunkle, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Higgins et al., 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hosking et al., 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Kushner et al., 2013; Lof & Olaison, 2020; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Sharek et al., 2015; Siverskog, 2023; Stein et al., 2010; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Williams et al., 2021; Willis et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2018) N = 22
Theme 2: With no one there to guard us N = 49
2.1: We are still considered less than (Adan et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2015a, 2015b; Dilshani, 2023; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2011; Grant & Walker, 2020; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Hosking et al., 2021; Hughes, 2007a; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Putney et al., 2018; Robinson, 2016; Waling et al., 2019, Waling et al., 2020; Westwood, 2016, Westwood, 2023; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 21
2.2: You’re vulnerable to the people that are looking after you (Adan et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2014, 2015b; Butler, 2018; Dilshani, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Pang et al., 2019; Putney et al., 2018; Siverskog, 2023; Stein et al., 2010; Westwood, 2016, 2023). N = 23
2.3: I would sort of need to be on guard (Barrett et al., 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Butler, 2017; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Czaja et al., 2016; Dilshani, 2023; Dunkle, 2018a, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hughes, 2007a, 2007b; Jenkins et al., 2010; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Kushner et al., 2013; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; Lof & Olaison, 2020; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; NSCLC et al., 2011; Putney et al., 2018; Rivera, 2008; Sharek et al., 2015; Stein et al., 2010; Versteeg, 2016; Waling et al., 2019; Westwood, 2016; Willis et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 34
Theme 3: You have got to hide 90% of yourself N = 42
3.1: Ignorance at least, homophobia at worst (Adan et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2014; Butler, 2017; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Czaja et al., 2016; Dunkle, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hong, 2024; Hosking et al., 2021; Hughes, 2007a; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; NSCLC et al., 2011; Putney et al., 2018; Rivera, 2008; Sharek et al., 2015; Versteeg, 2016; Westwood, 2016, 2023; Wilson et al., 2018) N = 28
3.2: Retreating into the closet (Barrett et al., 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Butler, 2017; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Czaja et al., 2016; Dilshani, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Gabrielson, 2009; Grant & Walker, 2020; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Higgins et al., 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hosking et al., 2021; Hughes, 2007a; Jihanian, 2013; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Kushner et al., 2013; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; Lof & Olaison, 2020; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; NSCLC et al., 2011; Putney et al., 2018; Robinson, 2016; Sharek et al., 2015; Sussman et al., 2018; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Versteeg, 2016; Westwood, 2016, 2023; Willis et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2018) N = 37
3.3: I want to be myself (Adan et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Butler, 2017; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Furlotte et al., 2016; Gabrielson, 2009, Gabrielson, 2011; Grant & Walker, 2020; Green, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Higgins et al., 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hosking et al., 2021; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Kushner et al., 2013; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; NSCLC et al., 2011; Putney et al., 2018; Robinson, 2016; Sharek et al., 2015; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Versteeg, 2016; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 30
Theme 4: I don’t want a different service, I want a good service N = 49
4.1: LGBTI+ specific aged care (Barrett et al., 2014, 2015b; Benoit et al., 2021; Butler, 2017, 2018; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Dilshani, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Gabrielson, 2009, 2011; Green, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Higgins et al., 2011; Hong, 2024; Hosking et al., 2021; Hughes, 2007b; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Kushner et al., 2013; Lampkowski-Sowle, 2018; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; Lo, 2015; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Putney et al., 2018; Rivera, 2008; Robinson, 2016; Sharek et al., 2015; Stein et al., 2010; Sussman et al., 2018; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Waling et al., 2019, 2020; Westwood, 2016; Williams et al., 2021; Willis et al., 2016) N = 36
4.2: Affirmative care (Barrett et al., 2014; Butler, 2017; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Gabrielson, 2009, 2011; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a; Grigorovich, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Hoekstra-Pijpers, 2022; Hong, 2024; Hosking et al., 2021; Hughes, 2007a; Jihanian, 2013; Knocker, 2012; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; Lo, 2015; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Rivera, 2008; Sharek et al., 2015; Sussman et al., 2018; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 24
4.3: Knowledge is power (Barrett et al., 2014; Butler, 2017, 2018; Cloyes & Towsley, 2023; Dunkle, 2018b; Green, 2016; Grigorovich, 2015a, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Higgins et al., 2011; Hong, 2024; Hosking et al., 2021; Jihanian, 2013; Knochel & Flunker, 2021; Knocker, 2012; Lampkowski-Sowle, 2018; Lo, 2015; Lof & Olaison, 2020; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Putney et al., 2018; Rivera, 2008; Sharek et al., 2015; Stein et al., 2010; Sussman et al., 2018; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Versteeg, 2016; Waling et al., 2019, 2020; Williams et al., 2021; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 31
4.4: Signaling inclusivity (Adan et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2015a; Benoit et al., 2021; Butler, 2017, 2018; Czaja et al., 2016; Dunkle, 2018b; Grant & Walker, 2020; Green, 2016; Guasp, 2011; Henderson & Khan, 2020; Hong, 2024; Hosking et al., 2021; Kortes-Miller et al., 2018; Lampkowski-Sowle, 2018; Leyerzapf et al., 2018; Lo, 2015; National LGBTI Health Alliance, 2019; Putney et al., 2018; Sharek et al., 2015; Tonic Living, Stonewall Housing, and Opening Doors London (ODL), 2020; Versteeg, 2016; Waling et al., 2020; Willis et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2018). N = 25

Note: LGBTI+ = Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex.