. 2025 Jun 25;47(3):28. doi: 10.1007/s11111-025-00496-5

Table 2.

Model coefficients Net Income Migration models with current-year hazards

Variable	6. National	7. Northeast	8. Midwest	9. South	10. West
Ln(Flood Damage)^‡	− 0.014*	− 0.022	− 0.015†	− 0.018†	0.039†
Ln(Hurricane Damage)^‡	− 0.021*	− 0.216*	—	− 0.018†	—
Ln(Storm Damage)^‡	0	− 0.041*	− 0.008	0.017†	−0.003
Ln(Tornado Damage)^‡	0.008	− 0.05	0.01	0.003	—
Ln(Wildfire Damage)^‡	0.015	—	—	—	− 0.027
Warm Winters⁺	0.467***	(omitted)	(omitted)	0.337***	0.246
Cold Winters⁺	− 0.269***	0.185	− 0.114†	(omitted)	− 0.098
Humid Summers⁺	0.604***	0.286	− 0.266	0.47***	0.373
Non-Humid Summers⁺	0.152†	(omitted)	− 0.198†	− 0.993***	0.759**
Far from Water Bodies⁺	− 0.364***	−0.094	− 0.328***	− 0.313***	− 0.3
Near to Water Bodies⁺	0.759***	0.354***	0.79***	0.79***	0.576*
Rugged Terrain⁺	0.048	−0.049	− 0.528***	− 0.205†	0.206
Flat Terrain⁺	− 0.153*	0.315†	0.008	− 0.245*	− 0.645*
Forest Cover	1.457***	−0.266	1.611***	0.75***	0.915**
Forest Cover Squared	− 0.968***	0.294	− 0.805***	− 0.505***	− 0.247
Ln(Income per Capita)^‡	0.43***	0.847***	0.451***	0.536***	0.072
Ln(Unemployment Rate)^‡	− 0.236***	−0.167	− 0.001	− 0.288***	− 0.519***
Ln(Population Density)^‡	0.358***	0.054	0.56***	1.046***	0.085
Ln(Population Density) Squared	− 0.921***	−0.874***	− 1.039***	− 1.494***	− 0.7**
Metro⁺	− 0.018	—	—	—	—
Population 65 and Over	0.215***	0.35***	0.099***	0.197***	0.506***
Ln(Black, NH)	0.014	− 0.071	− 0.033	− 0.23***	0.232**
Ln(Hispanic)	0.093***	0.238***	0.049†	0.075**	0.205*
Ln(Other)	− 0.05**	− 0.22**	0.011	− 0.049†	− 0.164*
Agriculture⁺	− 0.171***	(omitted)	− 0.126**	− 0.188***	− 0.262*
Mining⁺	− 0.176***	0.083	− 0.39***	− 0.078	− 0.366**
Manufacturing⁺	− 0.06**	− 0.021	− 0.063*	− 0.072*	− 0.239
Government⁺	− 0.144***	− 0.254**	− 0.107†	− 0.147***	− 0.255**
COVID-19 Onset⁺	1.115***	− 11.71***	0.298†	0.436*	1.462**
IRS Methodology Change⁺	− 0.691†	14.644***	− 0.499***	− 0.871***	− 0.783
Spatially lagged error ( $η$ )	− 0.235***	− 0.002	− 0.223***	− 0.323***	− 0.185***
σ_c (cross-sectional heterogeneity)	1.057***	0.591***	0.737***	1.061***	1.145***
σ_e (idiosyncratic variation)	1.141***	0.829***	0.971***	1.176***	1.46***
n years	24	24	24	24	24
n counties	2787	214	972	1270	331
Pseudo R²	0.14	0.18	0.17	0.19	0.19

^‡Each model included interaction terms for the indicated variables. Socioeconomic interaction coefficients for Model 6 are plotted in Figures S4, S6, and S8. Other interaction results are not shown

⁺Categorical variables

^†p ≤ 0.1, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001