TABLE 1.
| Characteristic | GDM (n = 114) | Control (n = 133) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 33.84 ± 3.75 | 33.56 ± 3.68 | 0.5576 |
| Gravidity, mean ± SD | 2.26 ± 1.10 | 1.88 ± 1.00 | 0.0050** |
| Parity, mean ± SD | 1.51 ± 0.52 | 1.33 ± 0.52 | 0.0064** |
| Pre-weight, kg, mean ± SD | 58.50 ± 6.36 | 61.81 ± 10.94 | 0.7528 |
| PPBMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 23.44 ± 3.76 | 23.28 ± 3.75 | 0.7460 |
| Underweight, n (%) | 7 (6.1%) | 10 (7.5%) | 0.6697 |
| Normal weight, n (%) | 66 (57.9%) | 71 (53.4%) | 0.4770 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 27 (23.7%) | 35 (26.3%) | 0.6344 |
| Obese, n (%) | 14 (12.3%) | 17 (12.8%) | 0.9056 |
| GWG, kg, mean ± SD | 11.60 ± 4.90 | 13.97 ± 4.40 | <0.0001**** |
| OGTT, mmol/L, mean ± SD | |||
| Fasted | 4.84 ± 0.60 | 4.37 ± 0.27 | <0.0001**** |
| 1 h | 9.81 ± 1.44 | 7.22 ± 1.34 | <0.0001**** |
| 2 h | 8.65 ± 1.34 | 6.34 ± 0.96 | <0.0001**** |
| Blood lipid level, mmol/L, mean ± SD | |||
| CHOL | 6.27 ± 1.18 | 6.28 ± 1.06 | 0.9488 |
| TG | 3.43 ± 1.51 | 3.17 ± 1.17 | 0.2105 |
| HDL | 1.7 ± 0.32 | 1.84 ± 0.37 | 0.0078** |
| LDL | 3.27 ± 0.91 | 3.29 ± 0.90 | 0.9231 |
| Newborn | |||
| Gestational age, weeks, mean ± SD | 38.7 ± 1.1 | 38.6 ± 1.0 | 0.6318 |
| Birth weight, g, mean ± SD | 3437.32 ± 398.96 | 3460.34 ± 409.38 | 0.6562 |
| Macrosomia, n (%) | 13 (11.4%) | 9 (6.8%) | 0.2022 |
| Cesarean section, n (%) | 55 (48.2%) | 66 (49.6%) | 0.8290 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 58 | 73 | 0.5290 |
| Female | 56 | 60 | |
a
Values are statistically significant at P < 0.05. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.
b
SD: standard deviation; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; PPBMI: pre-pregnancy body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; CHOL: cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.