. 2025 Jun 19;15(6):106227. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.106227

Table 2.

Comparative analysis of Dark Future Scale and General Belongingness Scale scores across demographic characteristics

Effective factor	Total GBS	Acceptance/inclusion	Rejection/exclusion	DFA
Age
r	-0.147	-0.009	0.129	0.011
P value	0.003^a	0.851	0.009	0.827
Sex, mean ± SD
Female	64.84 ± 13.45	32.35 ± 7.12	15.51 ± 7.40	18.96 ± 7.71
Male	60.59 ± 14.74	30.75 ± 7.89	18.15 ± 8.20	18.53 ± 7.39
t	2.944	2.091	-3.31	0.542
P value	0.003^a	0.037	0.001^a	0.584
Marital status
Married	64.84 ± 12.75	32.43 ± 6.94	15.58 ± 7.05	18.18 ± 7.77
Single	60.34 ± 15.93	30.51 ± 8.20	18.16 ± 8.85	20.03 ± 7.10
t	3.08	2.475	-3.183	-2.034
P value	0.002^a	0.014	0.002^a	0.02
Education
Primary school	49.66 ± 19.16	24.93 ± 9.34	23.26 ± 10.30	18.76 ± 9.23
Secondary school	62.31 ± 14.33	31.21 ± 7.45	16.90 ± 7.09	19.43 ± 7.68
Bachelor’s degree	64.59 ± 12.21	32.60 ± 6.67	14.81 ± 6.74	19.23 ± 7.01
Postgraduate	66.09 ± 12.83	32.91 ± 7.05	16.46 ± 7.79	17.49 ± 7.91
F	12.356	10.897	10.056	1.413
P value	0.000^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.238
Income status
More than expenses	67.91 ± 11.42	33.96 ± 5.86	14.05 ± 6.35	16.39 ± 7.67
Equals expenses	63.04 ± 14.26	31.74 ± 7.52	16.69 ± 7.93	18.43 ± 7.57
Less than expenses	60.77 ± 14.63	30.42 ± 7.92	17.64 ± 8.12	21.02 ± 7.02
F	6.396	5.537	5.373	9.8
P value	0.002^a	0.004^a	0.005^a	0.000^a
Family structure
Nuclear	65.03 ± 12.52	32.70 ± 6.62	15.66 ± 7.14	18.53 ± 7.55
Extended	61.40 ± 13.61	29.97 ± 7.90	16.56 ± 7.14	20.43 ± 8.00
Living alone	54.26 ± 19.00	24.46 ± 9.82	21.19 ± 10.12	19.32 ± 7.50
F	14.361	13.03	11.792	1.169
P value	0.000^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.312
Chronic disease, mean ± SD
Yes	60.92 ± 16.05	30.55 ± 8.23	17.62 ± 8.62	19.80 ± 7.52
No	64.21 ± 13.15	32.24 ± 7.08	16.02 ± 7.43	18.44 ± 7.60
t	-2.1	-2.036	1.841	0.667
P value	0.036	0.042	0.066	0.109
Social security
Yes	63.99 ± 13.78	32.08 ± 7.31	16.08 ± 7.67	18.61 ± 7.62
No	55.97 ± 15.07	28.50 ± 8.16	20.52 ± 8.04	20.91 ± 7.05
t	2.99	2.471	-3.09	-1.801
P value	0.005^a	0.018	0.004^a	0.079
Social activity
Yes	68.00 ± 10.45	34.24 ± 5.61	14.23 ± 6.14	17.44 ± 7.60
No	59.73 ± 15.37	29.90 ± 8.09	18.16 ± 8.48	19.85 ± 7.43
F	6.115	6.055	-5.179	-3.186
P value	0.000^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.002^a
Sample groups, years
Young < 60	64.05 ± 13.51	31.94 ± 7.28	15.88 ± 7.48	18.73 ± 7.44
Older adults ≥ 60	59.46 ± 16.20	30.92 ± 8.23	19.46 ± 8.74	19.23 ± 8.38
t	2.429	1.016	-3.429	-0.485
P value	0.010^a	0.050^a	0.013	0.216

P < 0.05 statistical significance.

r: Correlation analyses; F: One way ANOVA test, and Games-Howell post-hoc analysis; t: Independent t test; GBS: General Belongingness Scale; DFA: Dark future anxiety.