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. 2025 Jun 11;12:1594890. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1594890

Table 2.

Estimated nutritional composition of test meals.

Breakfast Lunch Dinner
Sex Nutrients Novel Control Novel Control Novel Control
Male Total energy (kcal) 593.85 593.85 482.98 469.86 251.77 451.21
Protein (g) 17.70 18.15 42.26 41.94 41.67 40.11
Fat (g) 17.45 17.45 5.46 5.78 6.45 13.41
Carbohydrate (g) 97.65 95.40 79.56 72.52 15.80 50.84
Available carbohydrates (g) 91.50 91.05 66.20 62.52 6.76 42.52
Fiber (g) 6.15 4.35 13.36 10.00 9.04 8.32
Female Total energy (kcal) 593.85 593.85 350.01 340.17 182.40 381.84
Protein (g) 17.70 18.15 29.76 29.52 30.57 29.01
Fat (g) 17.45 17.45 3.81 4.05 4.56 11.52
Carbohydrate (g) 97.65 95.40 59.04 53.76 12.48 47.52
Available carbohydrates (g) 91.50 91.05 49.17 46.41 4.77 40.53
Fiber (g) 6.15 4.35 9.87 7.35 7.71 6.99

Total energy of test meals for males were higher than females due to higher daily energy requirements. Total energy of the dinner novel meal was lower than the control meal due to reduction of available carbohydrates in microfluidic noodles.