AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AFLD	alcoholic fatty liver disease
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
APGS	astaxanthin polyethylene glycol succinate
AST	astaxanthin
AUC	area under the curve
bw	body weight
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COX	cyclooxygenase
CVD	cardiovascular diseases
EMT	epithelial–mesenchymal transition
FGF21	fibroblast growth factor 21
GPX	glutathione peroxidase
HDL	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HUVEC	human umbilical vein endothelial cell
IL-6	interleukin-6
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
LDL	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASLD	metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
mPTP	mitochondrial permeability transition pore
NO	nitric oxide
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PEG	polyethylene glycol
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
PLGA	poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
PON1	paraoxonase 1
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SHR	spontaneously hypertensive rat
STING	Stimulator of Interferon Genes
TC	total cholesterol
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
VE-cadherin	vascular endothelial cadherin