Akt	Protein kinase B
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli
AXIN	Axis inhibition protein
BA/TA	Bone area/total area
BFR	Bone formation rate
BMAD	Bone mineral apparent density
BMC	Bone mineral content
BMD	Bone mineral density
BMI	Body mass index
BMP-2	Bone morphogenic protein-2
BMPRI	BMP type I receptor
BMPRII	BMP type II receptor
BSP	Bone sialoprotein
BV/TV	Bone volume/total volume
CI	Confidence interval
CK1α	Casein kinase alpha
COL1	Type I collagen
Conn.D	Connectivity density
Co-Smad	Common-mediator Smad
CTSK	Cathepsin K
Ct.Ar	Cortical area
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar	Cortical area fraction
Ct.Th	Cortical thickness
CTX	Carboxyl-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen
DKK1	Dickkopf-related protein 1
dLS	Double-labelled surface
Dlx5	Distal-less homeobox 5
DVL	Protein dishevelled
ES	Eroded surface
Foxo1	Forkhead box protein O1
GLUT4	Glucose transporter 4
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HOMA-β	Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function
HR	Hazard ratio
IKK	Inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
IRβ	Insulin receptor β
I-Smads	Inhibitory Smads
KK-Ay	Yellow Kuo Kondo
LEF	Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
LRP5	Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5
MAR	Mineral apposition rate
METS-IR	Metabolic score for insulin resistance
MS	Mineralising surface
NF-κB	Nuclear factor-kappa B
NHANES	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ob.N	Osteoblast number
Ob.S	Osteoblast surface
Oc.N	Osteoclast number
Oc.S	Osteoclast surface
OCN	Osteocalcin
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
OR	Odds ratio
OS	Osteoid surface
OSX	Osterix
OV	Osteoid volume
PIP2	Phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PIP3	Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
P1NP	N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen
p-Akt	Phosphorylated protein kinase B
p-β-catenin	Phosphorylated β-catenin
p-GSK3β	Phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta
QUICKI	Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
RANK	Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
R-Smads	Receptor-regulated Smads
Runx2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
sFRP	Secreted Frizzled-related proteins
sLS	Single-labelled surface
Smad	Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic
SMI	Structure model index
Sost	Sclerostin
STZ	Streptozotocin
TAB2	TAK1 binding protein 2
TAB3	TAK1 binding protein 3
TAK1	Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1
Tb.N	Trabecular number
Tb.Sp	Trabecular separation
Tb.Th	Trabecular thickness
TCF	T-cell-specific factor
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-beta
TRAF6	Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
TRAP	Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Tt.Ar	Total cross-sectional area inside the periosteal envelope
TyG	Triglyceride–glucose index
TyG-BMI	Tyg index with body mass index
TyG-WC	Tyg index with waist circumference
TyG-WHtR	Tyg index with waist-to-height ratio
T1DM	Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
ucOCN	Uncarboxylated osteocalcin
V-ATPase	V-type proton atpase
Wnt3a	Wnt ligand 3a
β-catenin	Beta-catenin