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. 2025 Apr 30;11:e2821. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2821

Table A12. RQ4: findings for comparison of OWASP ZAP’s performance (number of web applications).

OWASP Top 10:2021 category Severity level Khanum, Qadir & Jehan (2023) This work
A01:2021 Broken Access Control High 57 64
Medium 33 60
Low 58 73
A03:2021 Injection High 0 18
Medium 0 2
Low 0 0
A04:2021 Insecure Design High 35 3
Medium 0 16
Low 14 69
A05:2021 Security Misconfiguration High 63 74
Medium 46 75
Low 54 73
A06:2021 Vulnerable & Outdated Component High 40 5
Medium 40 5
Low 0 0
A08:2021 Software & Data Integrity Failures High 0 0
Medium 0 0
Low 53 20