| AGE | advanced glycation end products |
| HE | hematoxylin–eosin |
| Iba1 | ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 |
| MD | maltodextrin |
| NA | nicotinamide |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| PPAR | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| RAGE | receptor of AGE |
| RS | rhamnan sulfate |
| SD | standard deviation |
| STZ | streptozotocin |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
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