Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Authors & Year	Country	DC Indication	Early CP Cutoff	Number of Patients			Reported Complications
				Early	Late	Total
Chaturvedi et al., 2016 [12]	India	TBI	90	20	54	74	N/A
Cho et al., 2011 [6]	South Korea	TBI	6 weeks	15	21	36	Infection, subdural fluid collection, ventriculomegaly
Chun et al., 2011 [9]	South Korea	TBI	30	30	15	45	Infection, Subdural fluid collection, dura tear, soft tissue injury, inadequate dissection
Eaton et al., 2022 [8]	USA	TBI	90	141	294 (I + L)	435	Hydrocephalus, seizure, hematoma, infection
Jiang et al., 2020 [10]	China	TBI	6 weeks	28	32	60	Infection, fluid accumulation, scalp necrosis, hematoma
Li et al., 2024 [13]	China	TBI	90	45	45	90	Infection, hemorrhage, subcutaneous necrosis, subcutaneous effusion, chewing discomfort
Piedra et al., 2014 [2]	USA	TBI	90	78	79	157	Hydrocephalus, infection, hematoma, bone graft resorption
Schuss et al., 2012 [11]	Germany	TBI	2 months	29	69	98	EDH or SDH, Wound d healing disturbance, Abscess, Hygroma, CSF fistula, Other
Song et al., 2014 [14]	China	TBI	12 weeks	25	18	43	Subdural fluid collection
Songara et al., 2016 [15]	India	TBI	90	6	10	16	Hydrocephalus, seizure, trauma to operative site
Tora et al., 2021 [16]	USA	TBI	90	51	91	142	Infection, wound dehiscence, reoperation, hydrocephalus, ischemic stroke, resorption, extra-axial (fluid) collection
Vreeburg et al., 2024 [17]	Netherlands	TBI	90	73	100	173	Hydrocephalus, seizure
Yang et al., 2018 [7]	South Korea	TBI	35	15	144	159	Sinking skin flap syndrome, ventriculomegaly, shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, Ipsilateral or interhemispheric hygroma, Contralateral hematoma or hygroma, Revision due to the infection
Zhang et al., 2010 [18]	China	TBI	90	23	47	70	Fluid below skin flap, infection, wound healing disturbance, seizure
Zhao et al., 2023 [19]	China	TBI	6 months	58	42	100	EDH or SDH, wound healing complications, hydrocephalus, seizure

EDH = epidural hematoma; SDH = subdural hematoma; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.