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. 2025 Jun 7;18(12):2688. doi: 10.3390/ma18122688
ISF Incremental sheet forming
CNC Computerized numerical control
PP Polypropylene
H_PP Hemp fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
F_PP Flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
t Laminate thickness
SPIF Single-point incremental forming
CAD Computer-aided design
R Base radius of the cones
h Height of the cones
α Wall angle of the cones
hf Height at the potential point of failure of the cones
a Base radius of the spherical caps
θ Polar angle of the spherical caps
hs Vertical distance covered after one complete turn of the toolpaths
θs Angular distance covered after one complete turn of the toolpaths
v Nominal toolpath speed
FX Module of the forming force along the X axis
FY Module of the forming force along the Y axis
FZ Module of the forming force along the Z axis
FXY Module of the forming force acting in the XY plane
FTOT Module of the total forming force
MZ Module of the moment around the Z axis
A Current radius of the spiral toolpath
B Absolute value of the ratio between MZ and FXY
PTOT Total power
PXY Power associated with FXY
PZ Power associated with FZ
vZ,m Mean value of the speed along the Z axis
vXY Speed in the XY plane
vZ Speed along the Z axis
ETOT Total energy
EXY Energy associated with FXY
EZ Energy associated with FZ