| BV | betavoltaic |
| TNRA | TiO2 nanorod array |
| HTL | hole transport layer |
| ECE | energy conversion efficiency |
| V oc | open-circuit voltage |
| 1-D | one-dimensional |
| MC | Monte Carlo |
| EB | electron beam |
| ED | energy deposition |
| ECS | energy conversion structure |
| OV | oxygen vacancy |
| I-V | current–voltage |
| P-V | power–voltage |
| I sc | short-circuit current |
| P max | maximum output power |
| FF | fill factor |
| EDD | energy deposition density |
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.