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. 2025 Jun 18;18(6):912. doi: 10.3390/ph18060912
FA Ferulic acid
RA Rheumatoid arthritis
UC Ulcerative colitis
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa B
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
JAK/STAT Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
TCMs Traditional Chinese medicines
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α
IL-1β Interleukin-1β
CAM Cell adhesion molecule
NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
ROS Reactive oxygen species
IKK IkappaB kinase
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
CCI Chronic constriction injury
JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase
ERK Extracellular regulated kinase
CAT Catalase
PTP1B Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
MetS Metabolic syndrome
Nrf2/HO-1 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1
PI3K/Akt Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
PIP3 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
PIP2 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
TLR Toll-like receptor
AD Alzheimer’s disease
PD Parkinson’s disease
NO Nitric oxide
MDA Malondialdehyde
GSH Glutathione
RA-FLS Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes
AA-FLS Adjuvant arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes
RANKL Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Th2 T-helper type 2
HIMECs Human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells
IFN-γ Interferon-gamma
iNOs Inducible nitric oxide synthase
MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
CUMS Chronic unpredictable mild stress
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2
PGE2 Prostaglandin E2
CIA Collagen-induced arthritis
ALI Acute lung injury
AS Atherosclerosis
ARVM Adult rat ventricular myocytes
ALD Alcoholic liver disease
DN Diabetic nephropathy
AKI Acute kidney injury
IgE Immunoglobulin E
KD Kawasaki disease
CXCL C-X-C Chemokine Ligand
BMECs Bovine mammary epithelial cells
SMEDDS Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system
AUC0−t Area under the concentration–time curve