. 2025 Jun 11;17(12):1981. doi: 10.3390/nu17121981

Table 3.

Detailed qualitative and quantitative data from all studies included, including details about BMD. Abbreviations: BMD: bone mineral density; FN: femoral neck, RW: red wine, WW: white wine. ^a Mean (confidence interval).

Author and Year	Analysis Performed	Evaluated Sites	BMD	Effect on BMD
Larsen et al., 2022 [27]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	Full body	Men (g/cm²): 1.3 ± 0.1 Women (g/cm²): 1.1 ± 0.1 RW (g/cm²): 1.21 ± 0.14 WW (g/cm²): 1.17 ± 0.14	RW: Negative WW: Positive
Cardoso et al., 2017 [28]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	Femur	0.175 ± 0.01 (g/cm²)	Positive
McLernon et al., 2012 [29]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	FN and spine	FN (g/cm²): Mean 0.84–0.85 Spine (g/cm²): Mean 1.02–1.04	Positive for FN and spine
Fairweather-Tait et al., 2011 [30]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	Hip, FN, and spine	Hip (g/cm²): 0.77 ± 0.12 FN (g/cm²): 0.87 ± 0.15 Spine (g/cm²): 0.95 ± 0.15	Positive for spine
Yin et al., 2011 [31]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	Hip and spine	Men Alcohol ≤ 20 g/d Spine (g/cm²): 1.05 ± 0.16 Hip (g/cm²): 1.02 ± 0.14 Alcohol > 20 g/d Spine (g/cm²): 1.07 ± 0.18 Hip (g/cm²): 1.04 ± 0.14 Women Alcohol ≤ 10 g/d Spine (g/cm²): 0.97 ± 0.16 Hip (g/cm²): 0.92 ± 0.15 Alcohol > 10 g/d Spine (g/cm²): 0.97 ± 0.14 Hip (g/cm²): 0.9 1 ± 0.11	RW: Positive for spine in men WW: Negative
Broulík et al., 2010 [32]	X-ray	Femur	1.480 ± 0.04 (g/mL)	Negative
Tucker et al., 2009 [33]	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry	Hip, FN, trochanter, spine	Men >0–0.5 glass Hip (g/cm²): 1.035 (1.022–1.049) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.970 (0.957–0.983) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.878 (0.865–0.891) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.313 (1.292–1.333) ^a 0.5–1 glass Hip (g/cm²): 1.058 (1.034–1.082) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.988 (0.965–1.011) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.902 (0.878–0.926) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.357 (1.320–1.394) ^a 1–2 glasses Hip (g/cm²): 1.038 (1.005–1.072) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.961 (0.929–0.993) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.893 (0.860–0.926) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.314 (1.263–1.364) ^a >2 glasses Hip (g/cm²): 1.059 (1.016–1.102) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.974 (0.933–1.015) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.910 (0.868–0.953) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.398 (1.333–1.464) ^a Postmenopausal >0–0.5 glass Hip (g/cm²): 0.895 (0.880–0.910) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.853 (0.838–0.867) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.703 (0.689–0.716) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.132 (1.110–1.155) ^a 0.5–1 glass Hip (g/cm²): 0.904 (0.880–0.928) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.853 (0.829–0.877) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.711 (0.689–0.733) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.160 (1.124–1.197) ^a 1–2 glasses Hip (g/cm²): 0.905 (0.874–0.937) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.858 (0.826–0.889) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.704 (0.675–0.733) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.161 (1.113–1.209) ^a >2 glasses Hip (g/cm²): 0.938 (0.895–0.980) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.891 (0.849–0.933) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.754 (0.715–0.793) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.206 (1.142–1.270) ^a Premenopausal >0–0.5 glass Hip (g/cm²): 0.988 (0.967–1.009) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.949 (0.926–0.971) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.777 (0.757–0.798) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.243 (1.213–1.272) ^a 0.5–1 glass Hip (g/cm²): 1.022 (0.989–1.056) ^a FN (g/cm²): 0.981 (0.947–1.016) ^a Trochanter (g/cm²): 0.798 (0.767–0.830) ^a Spine (g/cm²): 1.273 (1.227–1.319) ^a	Positive in postmenopausal women in all sites