Skip to main content
. 2025 Jun 12;17(12):1628. doi: 10.3390/polym17121628
P load applied on the beam
δ midspan displacement of the beam
L span length
c neutral axis depth
d′ cover
H beam section height
bf width of FRP layer
bw beam section width
εcc concrete compressive strain
εsc rebar compressive strain
εst rebar tensile strain
εct concrete tensile strain
εf frp strain
σccε concrete compressive stress
σsε rebar stress
σctε concrete tensile stress
σfε FRP stress
M moment
κ curvature
ρ curvature radius
E elastic modulus
Ieff effective moment of inertia
d effective depth
εf,prestress applied strain for prestressing
f(z) transformed stress function of materials
Fcc(z) force of concrete in compressive zone
Fscz force of rebar in compressive zone
Fctz force of concrete in tension zone
Fstz force of rebar in tension zone
Ffz force of FRP
ci neutral axis depth of i. iteration
x coefficient of Mander model depending on E and εco
r coefficient of Mander model depending on E and Esec
εco strain of concrete characteristic strength
εcu ultimate strain of concrete in compression
Esec secant modulus of concrete for inelastic region
fcc concrete characteristic compressive strength
fct concrete characteristic tensile strength
fsy rebar yielding strength
εff FRP ultimate strain
n number of FRP strip
Fa force of analytical result
Fe force of experimental result