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. 2025 Jun 7;25(12):3601. doi: 10.3390/s25123601

Table 6.

Performance by prediction window.

Window Model Variable MSE MAE RMSE MAPE RSE R2
t + 1 SE-LSTM Temperature 0.0005 0.0158 0.0226 3.34 0.0205 0.9795
Humidity 0.0024 0.0361 0.0487 5.69 0.0593 0.9407
LSTM Temperature 0.0006 0.0164 0.0240 3.55 0.0230 0.9770
Humidity 0.0025 0.0371 0.0501 5.85 0.0630 0.9370
TCN Temperature 0.0006 0.0171 0.0236 3.61 0.0223 0.9777
Humidity 0.0011 0.0252 0.0333 3.80 0.0277 0.9723
CNN-LSTM Temperature 0.0005 0.0162 0.0227 3.39 0.0205 0.9795
Humidity 0.0009 0.0221 0.0308 3.43 0.0236 0.9764
t + 3 SE-LSTM Temperature 0.0010 0.0221 0.0309 3.43 0.0237 0.9763
Humidity 0.0017 0.0296 0.0409 6.16 0.0675 0.9325
LSTM Temperature 0.0010 0.0227 0.0314 3.51 0.0245 0.9755
Humidity 0.0018 0.0308 0.0430 6.54 0.0744 0.9256
TCN Temperature 0.0013 0.0261 0.0365 5.36 0.0534 0.9466
Humidity 0.0025 0.0374 0.0497 5.83 0.0618 0.9382
CNN-LSTM Temperature 0.0012 0.0253 0.0352 5.19 0.0498 0.9502
Humidity 0.0024 0.0360 0.0487 5.68 0.0595 0.9405
t + 6 SE-LSTM Temperature 0.0013 0.0256 0.0356 5.31 0.0508 0.9492
Humidity 0.0037 0.0470 0.0610 7.43 0.0936 0.9064
LSTM Temperature 0.0013 0.0256 0.0360 5.41 0.0522 0.9478
Humidity 0.0044 0.0511 0.0666 8.00 0.1117 0.8883
TCN Temperature 0.0018 0.0299 0.0420 6.18 0.0711 0.9289
Humidity 0.0038 0.0475 0.0619 7.37 0.0962 0.9038
CNN-LSTM Temperature 0.0018 0.0315 0.0427 6.50 0.0734 0.9266
Humidity 0.0039 0.0480 0.0628 7.59 0.0991 0.9009
Average
general
SE-LSTM - 0.0017 0.0294 0.0399 5.23 0.0526 0.9472
LSTM - 0.0019 0.0306 0.0419 5.48 0.0581 0.9419
TCN - 0.0018 0.0305 0.0429 5.36 0.0415 0.9446
CNN-LSTM - 0.0018 0.0299 0.0405 5.30 0.0543 0.9457