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. 2025 Jun 12;35:e2404033. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2504.04033

Fig. 2. Functional properties of organic nanoparticles in the mucosal system.

Fig. 2

Key immunological and microbiological effects of protein-based, lipid-based, and polysaccharide-based nanoparticles at mucosal surfaces, including enhanced probiotic delivery, antigen uptake, immune modulation, and epithelial barrier support.