Table 3.

Diseases associated with female reproductive microbiome dysbiosis.

Disease	Microbiome Change	Functional Effect	Ref.
STI	Lactobacillus spp. ↓ BV-associated anaerobes (G. vaginalis, Prevotella) ↑	Reduced mucosal defense, Risk of asymptomatic STIs and complications (infertility, ectopic pregnancy)	[92, 93]
	Lactobacillus spp. ↓ BV-associated anaerobes (G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, Prevotella spp.) ↑	Increased vaginal pH, reduced lactic acid, elevated SCFAs, impaired barrier, increased proinflammatory cytokines	[94, 95]
	Lactobacillus spp. ↓ BV-associated anaerobes (G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, Prevotella, Megasphaera) ↑	Reduced lactic acid and H2O2; increased pH and SCFAs; elevated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8; epithelial barrier disruption; enhanced STI pathogen adhesion and invasion	[97-99]