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. 2025 Jun 25;25(1):219. doi: 10.1007/s10238-025-01738-4

Table 1.

Effect estimates for recurrent cancer according to biological target

Previous cancer Effect size Analysis Sub-group Studies, n Biologic group Conventional therapy group Fixed effects Random effects Heterogeneity
Sample size/person-years, n Cancer events, n Sample size/person-years, n Cancer events, n Effect size [95% CI] p value Effect size [95% CI] p value I2 [95% CI], % Egger’s test
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α inhibitor
Mixed RR Main 11 1889 162 8752 444 1.05 [0.88; 1.25] 0.6 1.09 [0.78; 1.52] 0.56 51.6% [3.9%; 75.7%] 0.79
Mixed RR Sensitivity Influence analysis 7 775 43 5070 144 1.25 [0.87; 1.79] 0.22 1.33 [0.90; 1.96] 0.12 0.0% [0.0%; 70.8%]
Mixed RR Sensitivity Remove no therapy 8 1565 124 8121 376 1.18 [0.97; 1.44] 0.10 1.20 [0.85; 1.69] 0.25 41.9% [0.0%; 74.3%]
Mixed RR Subgroup Disease Test for subgroup differences: 0.10 0.76
Mixed RR IBD 5 431 50 798 80 0.82 [0.60; 1.14] 0.23 1.00 [0.43; 2.33] 0.99 42% [0%; 79%]
Mixed RR RA 4 988 94 3554 257 1.14 [0.91; 1.43] 0.27 1.12 [0.48; 2.60] 0.68 73% [23%; 90%]
Mixed RR Subgroup Follow-up time Test for subgroup differences: 0.15 0.04
Mixed RR  < 5 years 3 154 18 400 23 1.52 [0.81; 2.84] 0.19 1.52 [0.90; 2.57] 0.07 0% [0%; 90%]
Mixed RR  > 5 years 7 1515 123 7176 351 0.94 [0.77; 1.14] 0.52 0.94 [0.58; 1.52] 0.75 60% [7%; 82%]
Mixed IRR Main 9 10,347 150 34,236 430 0.83 [0.69; 1.01] 0.06 0.83 [0.58; 1.20] 0.28 42.3% [0.0%; 73.4%]
Mixed IRR Sensitivity Remove no therapy 6 7644 112 29,628 362 0.89 [0.72; 1.11] 0.32 0.88 [0.59; 1.31] 0.44 38.4% [0.0%; 75.5%]
Mixed HR Main Adjusted estimates 3 1121 75 7668 323 0.97 [0.39; 2.42] 0.89 38.6% [0.0%; 80.8%]
Mixed HR Sensitivity  > 500 patients 3 1121 75 7668 323 0.97 0,39; 2.42] 0.89 38.6% [0.0%; 80.8%]
Anti-α4β7-integrin
Mixed RR Main 3 167 14 631 68 0.51 [0.30; 0.87] 0.01 0.70 [0.07; 7.61] 0.59 60.5% [0.0%; 88.7%]
Mixed IRR Main 3 1396 14 4608 68 0.45 [0.26; 0.80] 0.006 0.63 [0.05; 7.83] 0.50 59.7% [0.0%; 88.5%]

p values < 0.05 marked bold

NMSC, Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer; RR, Risk Ratio; HR, Hazard Ratio; IRR, Incidence Rate Ratio; IL, Interleukin