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Colourimetric
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Optical sensors for detection of illicit discharge into sewage and of illicit dyes. A focus on pollutants of emerging concern and the use of environmentally friendly materials in detection |
Rocher et al. (2021), de Souza et al. (2022)
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Pena-Pereira et al. (2021), Kamel and Khattab (2020), Neal et al. (2021)
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Electrochemical
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Key themes were the use of ecofriendly materials, law-enforcement approval and dual detection |
Noviana et al. (2019), Yu et al. (2022a), Shalini Devi et al. (2021), Hakeem et al. (2022), Kabel et al. (2021), Karuppaiah et al. (2023), Shi et al. (2021), Singh et al. (2021), Kolacz et al. (2023), Singh et al. (2020), Myadam et al. (2021), Molinara et al. (2022)
|
Pena-Pereira et al. (2021), Kamel and Khattab (2020), Karimi-Maleh et al. (2020), Neal et al. (2021), Kushwaha et al. (2022), Castro et al. (2022), Kadu et al. (2023)
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Immunoassay
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A focus on dual detection using immunochromatography is seen |
Wu et al. (2021a), Senra and Fonseca (2021), Yu et al. (2022a), Li et al. (2023a), Lan et al. (2020)
|
Pena-Pereira et al. (2021), Kamel and Khattab (2020), Karimi-Maleh et al. (2020), Nardo et al. (2021), Mao et al. (2021a), Uttpal et al. (2022), Bräuer et al. (2021), Dube et al. (2023)
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Luminescence
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Key themes were the use of ecofriendly materials, law enforcement approval and portability through miniaturisation |
Wu et al. (2021a), Chengyi et al. (2020), Mao et al. (2021b), Rocher et al. (2021), Su et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2022a), Liu et al. (2023a), Warning et al. (2021), Lian et al. (2020a), Harsha et al. (2020), Ke et al. (2020)
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Pena-Pereira et al. (2021), Kamel and Khattab (2020), Neal et al. (2021), Kushwaha et al. (2022), Uttpal et al. (2022)
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Raman
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A focus again here is seen on dual detection through the combination of SERS with other technologies such as TLC. |
Vunckx et al. (2020), Yang et al. (2021a), Li et al. (2023a), Chang et al. (2022a), Jiang et al. (2021a), Nie et al. (2023), Vendamani et al. (2023), Xie et al. (2022a), Yao et al. (2022a)
|
Zhang et al. (2022a)
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Other
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IR shows potential to detect pollution in sewage. The use of cockroaches to assess the toxicity of environmental pollutant has been demonstrated |
Rocher et al. (2022), Adedara et al. (2022)
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| Currently used by UK police and authorities |
| UK government organisations utilise instruments such as portable Raman spectrometers, photoionization detectors (PIDs) and x-ray fluorescence analysers (XRF) (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2025; Guidance, 2014) |
