|
Colourimetric
|
Papers have focused on DNA analysis and alpha amylase detection for identification of saliva samples |
Tortajada-Genaro et al. (2022), Khajouei et al. (2020), Li et al. (2020a), Calabretta et al. (2021)
|
Kamel and Khattab (2020), McGoldrick and Halámek (2020), Adhikary and Banerjee (2021), Nadar et al. (2021), Neal et al. (2021)
|
|
Electrochemical
|
A key theme was the use of eco-friendly materials |
Noviana et al. (2019), Ataide et al. (2020), Sanli et al. (2020), Kim (2021), Zhang et al. (2020a), Cook and Honeychurch (2021), Izham et al. (2022), Patiti et al. (2022), Pierpaoli et al. (2022), Kang et al. (2020a), Liao et al. (2020), Mishra et al. (2020), Sadeghi et al. (2020)
|
Kamel and Khattab (2020), Nadar et al. (2021), Mani et al. (2021), Neal et al. (2021)
|
|
Immunoassay
|
Papers focus on detection of fluids from DNA using AuNP-protein nanopores to bioanalytes such as uranyl in urine using aptamer-modified nanosensor arrays |
Garcia-Cruz et al. (2020), Meir et al. (2020), Loredana et al. (2020), Sanli et al. (2020), Tang et al. (2020), Tortajada-Genaro et al. (2022), Lee et al. (2022a), Mishra et al. (2020)
|
Kamel and Khattab (2020), McGoldrick and Halámek (2020), Nadar et al. (2021), Nardo et al. (2021), Bräuer et al. (2021)
|
|
Luminescence
|
Key themes were the use of eco-friendly materials and dual detection |
Calabretta et al. (2021), Kang et al. (2020b), Kasry et al. (2021), Badshah et al. (2020), Bazzi et al. (2023), Fan et al. (2023), Kasry et al. (2021), Chen et al. (2021a), Melman et al. (2022), Lian et al. (2020a), Khunoana et al. (2020)
|
Kamel and Khattab (2020), Nadar et al. (2021), Neal et al. (2021)
|
|
Raman
|
Papers have focused on the use of Raman to differentiate between hair dyes and to identify blood samples |
Vendamani et al. (2023), Atta and Vo-Dinh (2023), Bruner and Monjardez (2023), Cai et al. (2022a), Erturan et al. (2023), Gautam et al. (2022), Higgins and Kurouski (2023), Ondieki et al. (2023), Reese et al. (2021), Suarez et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021)
|
|
|
Other
|
Papers have mostly focused on DNA identification through microfluidic and nanopore sensing approaches. Analysis of blood and semen stains is also discussed |
Bruijns et al. (2020), Dhar et al. (2021), Mereuta et al. (2022), Schmidt et al. (2022), Yildirim et al. (2023)
|
|
| Currently used by UK police and authorities |
| UK police use luminol and Bluestar for blood detection using luminescence technologies (College of Policing, 2017; Forensics Library, 2024). Rapid Stain Identification (RSID) tests use immunochromatographic assay technology for saliva, semen and urine detection (Forensic Body Fluid Analysis Services, 2024; Harbison and Fleming, 2016). Portable DNA analysers are also employed such as the RapidHIT ID System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2024) |
