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Colourimetric
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Key themes were the use of dual detection (particularly immunochromatographic assays), nanomaterials, portability, labelling and metal-organic frameworks |
Chu et al. (2020), Li et al. (2020e), Dai et al. (2022), Zhou et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022c), Tortajada-Genaro et al. (2022), Fang et al. (2023), Qin et al. (2022c), Zhang et al. (2022e), Zhao et al. (2022b), Amalraj et al. (2022), Baghban et al. (2022), Ranbir et al. (2023), Tasangtong et al. (2023), Malahom et al. (2020)
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Kamel and Khattab (2020), Hua et al. (2021), Li et al. (2020f), Cheng et al. (2021), Zhou et al. (2022a)
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Electrochemical
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Key themes were the use of eco-friendly materials paper-based and nanomaterials |
Ataide et al. (2020), Noviana et al. (2019), Hu et al. (2021), Ngo et al. (2020), Li et al. (2020e), Mansouri et al. (2020), Rocha et al. (2020), Roushani et al. (2021), Saichanapan et al. (2020), Shishkanova et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2021c), Xie et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2020b), Sfragano et al. (2020), Nagabooshanam et al. (2021), Dai et al. (2022), Yu et al. (2022a), Han et al. (2023), Shao et al. (2023), Kushwaha et al. (2022), Hakeem et al. (2022), Singh et al. (2021), Bai (2022), Carvalho et al. (2023), Geng et al. (2023), Gurusamy et al. (2022), Jin et al. (2023), Joao et al. (2021), Lei et al. (2022), Mei et al. (2022), Qader et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2023), Sundhoro et al. (2021), Torrarit et al. (2022), Wu et al. (2022d), Zhou et al. (2022b)
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Kamel and Khattab (2020), Li et al. (2020f), Karimi-Maleh et al. (2020), Cheng et al. (2021), Zhou et al. (2022a), Gaudin (2021), Castro et al. (2022), Ferrari et al. (2021), Mahmudiono et al. (2022)
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Immunoassay
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Key themes were the use of dual detection, eco-friendly materials and multiplexing |
Yao et al. (2020), Wu et al. (2021a), Duan et al. (2020), Na et al. (2020), He et al. (2021), Li et al. (2020e), Peng et al. (2020), Rebelo et al. (2021), Roushani et al. (2021), Zhang et al. (2020c), Suryoprabowo et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2021c), Wu et al. (2020c), Li et al. (2020g), Zhang et al. (2020d), Zinna et al. (2020), Moon et al. (2020), Lan et al. (2020), Zhou et al. (2020), Dai et al. (2022), Zhou et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022c), Tortajada-Genaro et al. (2022), Fang et al. (2023), Qin et al. (2022c), Zhang et al. (2022e), Yu et al. (2022a), Han et al. (2023), Shao et al. (2023), Duan et al. (2023), Guan et al. (2022), Ling et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2022e), Pan et al. (2022), Wen et al. (2023), Xiao et al. (2022), Yang et al. (2023a), Duan et al. (2022b), Neng et al. (2023), Behyar and Shadjou (2021), Chen et al. (2023b), Jamieson et al. (2021), Li et al. (2022c), Li et al. (2022d), Luo et al. (2022), Ouyang et al. (2022), Peltomaa et al. (2022), Maashi (2023), Wang et al. (2022c), Wang et al. (2022d), Xiong et al. (2022a), Malahom et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2020e)
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Kamel and Khattab (2020), Hua et al. (2021), Karimi-Maleh et al. (2020), Nardo et al. (2021), Kumar et al. (2020b), Gaudin (2021), Uttpal et al. (2022), Bräuer et al. (2021)
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Luminescence
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Key themes were the use of nanomaterials, doping for enhanced sensing, dual detection and eco-friendly materials |
Lian et al. (2020a), Yao et al. (2020), Yi and Zhang (2021), Badshah et al. (2020), Wu et al. (2021a), Jalili and Khataee (2020), Li et al. (2020e), Li et al. (2020h), Liao et al. (2021), Monago-Maraña et al. (2020), Suryoprabowo et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2020f), Wu et al. (2020c), Zhang et al. (2020d), Zhou et al. (2021), Harsha et al. (2020), Dai et al. (2022), Zhao et al. (2022b), Kushwaha et al. (2022), Duan et al. (2023), Guan et al. (2022), Ling et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2022e), Pan et al. (2022), Wen et al. (2023), Xiao et al. (2022), Yang et al. (2023a), Jindal and Kaur (2023), Anjali et al. (2022), Basterrechea et al. (2021), Hu et al. (2022a), Li et al. (2021b), Li et al. (2021c), Li et al. (2022e), Li et al. (2022f), Teng et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2022e), Wu et al. (2021b), Xie et al. (2022c), Xiong et al. (2022b), Yi and Zhang (2021), Zhou et al. (2022c), Zhou et al. (2023), Guo et al. (2020), Guo et al. (2021)
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Kamel and Khattab (2020), Tao et al. (2020), Cheng et al. (2021), Zhou et al. (2022a), Uttpal et al. (2022)
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Raman
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Key themes were the use of dual detection and portability |
Vunckx et al. (2020), Cheng et al. (2020), Cupil-Garcia et al. (2020), Duan et al. (2020), He et al. (2020b), Jing et al. (2021), Li et al. (2020e), Neng et al. (2020), Sha et al. (2020), Wu et al. (2020d), Li et al. (2020g), Wu et al. (2022c), Duan et al. (2022b), Neng et al. (2023), Vendamani et al. (2023), Goel et al. (2022), Cai et al. (2022a), Chang et al. (2022a), Alomar et al. (2022), Barveen et al. (2021), Chang et al. (2022b), Chen et al. (2023c), Huang et al. (2022b), Huang et al. (2022c), Jiang et al. (2021b), Jing et al. (2021), Li et al. (2022g), Lu et al. (2022), Mao et al. (2023), Sun et al. (2021), Wei et al. (2021), Yang et al. (2021b), Yang et al. (2022a), Yang et al. (2022b), Yang et al. (2022c), Yang et al. (2023b), Yu et al. (2022c), Yuan et al. (2022b), Zhu et al. (2021)
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Cheng et al. (2021), Xie et al. (2022a), Girmatsion et al. (2021), Zhang et al. (2022b)
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Other
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Papers present the use of IR for rapid contaminant detection, graphene oxide-Fe3O4 for extraction of illegal dyes and an ad hoc review of MOFs in food safety sensors |
Fulgencio et al. (2022), Sha et al. (2021)
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Hitabatuma et al. (2022)
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| Currently used by UK police and authorities |
| Current on-site detection is carried out by authorities using portable spectrometers (i.e., Raman (TRUSCANRM, 2025) and IR (PerkinElmer, 2025)), Rapid testing kits (Hygiena, 2025; Food Allergen Testing, 2025; Merck, 2025; Hygiena, 2025; Food Allergen Testing, 2025; Merck, 2025) (i.e., colourimetric and lateral flow immunoassays) and UV lights (Coleparmer, 2025) |
