1. Cancer Classification of Single Compounds and Metals Frequently Found at U.S. Superfund Sites.
| Cas. No. | Compound/Metal | Number of U.S. Superfund Sites | NTP Report on Carcinogens (RoC) Cancer Classification | IARC Cancer Classification | NTP Salmonella Results | NTP Technical Report Number | NTP Male Rat Cancer Target Organs | NTP Female Rat Cancer Target Organs | NTP Male Mouse Cancer Target Organs | NTP Female Mouse Cancer Target Organs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7439-92-1 | Lead Compounds | 991 | Reasonably anticipated – humans – lung, stomach, and urinary-bladder cancer | Group 2A | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Benign and malignant kidney tumors (adenoma, carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma) were most frequently associated with lead exposure, and tumors of the brain, hematopoietic system, and lung were reported in some studies (IARC 1980, 1987). | ||||||||||
| 7440-38-2 | Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic | 968 | Known – humans skin, lung, digestive tract, liver, urinary bladder, kidney, and lymphatic and hematopoietic systems | Group 1 | Not evaluated | NTP Research Studies | + | + | + | + |
| Lung, urinary bladder, skin | Enhances carcinogenicity of known carcinogens | Enhances carcinogenicity of known carcinogens | Liver, Adrenal, Lung | Liver, Adrenal, Lung, Ovary | ||||||
| 71-43-2 | Benzene | 846 | Known – humans (leukemia) | Group 1 | Negative | TR-289 | + | + | + | + |
| Animals – multiple organs | Leukemia, Lymphoma | Oral Cavity, Skin, Zymbal’s Gland | Oral Cavity, Zymbal’s Gland | Harderian Gland, Hematopoietic System, Lung, Preputial Gland, Zymbal’s Gland | Hematopoietic System, Lung, Mammary Gland, Ovary Zymbal’s Gland | |||||
| 79-01-6 | Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) | 842 | Known – humans, kidney | Group 1 | Negative | TR-002 | – | – | + | + |
| Animals – kidney and other organs | Kidney | Liver | Liver | |||||||
| Trichloroethene | Not evaluated | TR 243 | + | – | + | + | ||||
| Kidney, tubular cell | Liver | Liver | ||||||||
| Trichloroethene | Not evaluated | TR 273 (inadequate study) | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | ||||
| 7789-12-0 | Chromium compounds | 838 | Known – human (lung) | Group 1 | Positive | TR 546 (chromium VI) | + | + | + | + |
| Chromium VI | 128 | Animals (lung) (chromium VI) | Lung (chromium VI) 18540-29-9 | Oral cavity – squamous cell neoplasms | Oral cavity – squamous cell neoplasms | Small intestine neoplasms | Small intestine neoplasms | |||
| 127-18-4 | Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene) | 753 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2A | Negative | TR-013 | Inadequate | Inadequate | + | + |
| Animals – sufficient evidence (multiple organs) | Urinary Bladder | Liver | Liver | |||||||
| Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene) | Negative | TR 311 | + | + | + | + | ||||
| Mononuclear cell leukemia, Renal tubular cell neoplasms | Mononuclear cell leukemia | Liver | Liver | |||||||
| 95-80-7 | 2,4-Diaminotoluene | 740 (other forms of toluene) | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Positive | TR 162 | + | + | – | + |
| Animals sufficient evidence (multiple organs) | Liver | Liver, Mammary gland | Liver | |||||||
| 26471-62-5 | Toluene Diisocyanates | 740 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 3 | Positive | TR 251 | + | + | – | + |
| Animals sufficient evidence (multiple organs) | Subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas (combined) pancreatic acinar cell adenomas | Subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas (combined) pancreatic islet cell adenomas, neoplastic nodules of the liver, and mammary gland fibroadenomas | Hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas (combined) as well as hepatocellular adenomas. | |||||||
| 7440-43-9 | Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds | 738 | Known – human (lung) | Group 1 | Not evaluated | Not tested by NTP in cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Sufficient – animals (lung & other organs) | Lung | |||||||||
| 7440-66-6 | Zinc (Dietary Zinc) | 710 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | TR 592 | –/+ | – | – | – |
| 7439-96-5 | Manganese | 687 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 10034-96-5 | Manganese(II) Sulfate Monohydrate | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | TR 428 | – | – | –/+ | –/+ | ||
| 7440-50-8 | Copper | 666 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 7440-02-0 | Nickel and Nickel Compounds | 664 | Known | Lung, Nasal Cavity | Not evaluated | |||||
| Lung | ||||||||||
| 10101-97-0 | Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate | Evaluated in nickel group | Negative | TR-454 | – | – | – | – | ||
| 12035-72- | Nickel Subsulfide | Evaluated in nickel group | Negative | TR-453 | + | + | – | – | ||
| Lung, Adrenal medulla | Lung, Adrenal medulla | |||||||||
| 1313-99-1) | Nickel Oxide | Evaluated in nickel group | Negative | TR-451 | + | + | – | –/+ | ||
| Lung, Adrenal medulla | Lung, Adrenal medulla | |||||||||
| 75-01-4 | Vinyl Chloride | 616 | Known | Group 1 | Not evaluated | NTP Research Study | Not evaluated | Hemangiosarcomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and mammary gland carcinomas | ND | Hemangiosarcomas and mammary gland carcinomas, lung |
| Liver | Liver and bile duct | |||||||||
| 1330-20-7 | Xylene | 599 | Not evaluated | Group 3 | Negative | TR-327 | – | – | – | – |
| 7439-97-6 | Mercury | 592 | Not evaluated | Group 3 | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 100-41-4 | Ethylbenzene | 576 | Not evaluated | Group 2B | Negative | TR-466 | + | + | ||
| Kidney, Tubular Cell, Testes | Kidney, Tubular Cell | |||||||||
| 117-81-7 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate | 575 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Negative | TR-601 | Not evaluated | + | + | + |
| (Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate) | Liver | Liver | Liver | |||||||
| 7440-39-3 | Barium | 571 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 75-09-2 | Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) | 555 | Reasonably anticipate (insufficient evidence in humans) | Group 2A | Positive | TR-306 | + | + | + | + |
| Mammary Gland | Mammary Gland | Lung, Liver | Lung, Liver | |||||||
| 75-35-4 | Vinylidene Chloride (1,1-Dichloroethene) | 539 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Negative | TR-582 | + | + | + | + |
| Kidney, Nasal Cavity, Malignant mesothelioma | Thyroid Gland Cell | Kidney | Hemangioma/Hemangioma sarcoma, Liver | |||||||
| Mononuclear cell leukemia | ||||||||||
| 67-66-3 | Chloroform | 538 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Negative | TR-000 (67-66-3) | + | – | + | – |
| Kidney, Tubular Cell | (uncertain findings) | Liver | Liver | |||||||
| 71-55-6 | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 528 | Reasonably Anticipated | Group 3 | Negative | TR-003 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 50-32-8 | 3,4-Benzo-pyrene | 521 | Included in Polyaromatic class as Reasonably anticipated based on animal data | Group 1 | Positive | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 7439-89-6 | Iron | 506 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 7440-36-0 | Antimony | 505 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Negative | TR - 590 | + | + | + | + |
| Antimony Trioxide Form Examined by NTP 1309-64-4 | Lung, Adrenal | Lung, Adrenal | Lung, Skin | Lung, Skin, Lymphoma | ||||||
| 107-06-2 | 1,2-Dichloroethane | 483 | Reasonably anticipated | Group 2B | Positive | TR-055 | + | + | Lung | + |
| Forestomach, Subcutaneous Tissue, Vascular System | Mammary Gland | Lung, Mammary Gland, Uterus, cervix | ||||||||
| 7440-79-00 | Beryllium | 475 | Known – lung cancer | Group 1 | Negative | Not tested in NTP cancer studies | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| 91-20-3 | Naphthalene | 473 | Reasonably anticipated | Not evaluated | Negative | TR-500 | + | + | Not evaluated | Evaluated |
| Nasal cavity | Nasal cavity | |||||||||
| 75-34-3 | 1,1-Dichloroethane | 468 | Reasonably anticipated | Not evaluated | Negative | TR-55 | + | + | + | + |
| Forestomach, hemangiosarcomas, skin | Mammary gland | Lung | Mammary gland uterus | |||||||
| 67-64-3 | Acetone | 452 | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
a
U.S. Environmental Superfund information – total number of 1582 U.S. Superfund Sites included in this analysis.
b
National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (RoC); RoC classifications: Known – known to be a human carcinogen; Reasonably anticipated – reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
c
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); IARC classification groups: Group 1 – Carcinogenic to humans; Group 2A – probably carcinogenic to humans; Group 2B – possibly carcinogenic to humans; Group 3 – nonclassifiable.
d
NTP Genetic Toxicology Salmonella results.
e
NTP cancer study results: +, some or clear evidence of cancer; +/–, equivocal evidence of cancer; −, no evidence of cancer; NE, not evaluated.